{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:40:26Z","timestamp":1784828426233,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,4]],"date-time":"2016-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100-2321-B-002-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100-2321-B-002-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100-2313-B-002-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100-2313-B-002-036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101-2313-B-002-061-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101-2313-B-002-061-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102-2628-B-002-010-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102-2628-B-002-010-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006477","name":"National Taiwan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102R-7620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102R-7620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007841","name":"Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104A-3053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104A-3053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007841","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ginsengres.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ginseng Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T08:40:28Z","timestamp":1469522428000},"page":"316-325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Ginseng essence, a medicinal and edible herbal formulation, ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Hung","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee-Yan","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib1","series-title":"2014 Statistics of causes of death","author":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo30317a","article-title":"The role of antioxidants and other agents in alleviating hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress and injury in liver","volume":"4","author":"Dey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598179","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/598179","article-title":"Supplementation of Citrus maxima peel powder prevented oxidative stress, fibrosis, and hepatic damage in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated rats","volume":"2015","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000213Y.0000000050","article-title":"The relationship between oxidative stress and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: its effects on the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"18","author":"Ucar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i6.462","article-title":"Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Mangge","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60295h","article-title":"Origin and concept of medicine food homology and its application in modern functional foods","volume":"4","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932165","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/932165","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rg1 protects the liver against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress in rats","volume":"2012","author":"Korivi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(03)00146-7","article-title":"Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo by the herbal constituents apigenin (chamomile), ginsenoside Rb(1) (ginseng) and parthenolide (feverfew)","volume":"41","author":"Smolinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1851","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component","volume":"51","author":"Attele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735403251167","article-title":"Panax ginseng: a role in cancer therapy?","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1078\/094471103321659889","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of Nelumbo nucifera","volume":"10","author":"Sohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00107-4","article-title":"Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level in rats","volume":"58","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.036","article-title":"Anti-obesity effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in mice and rats","volume":"106","author":"Ono","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.001","article-title":"Constituents in Easter lily flowers with medicinal activity","volume":"76","author":"Francis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(94)85030-5","article-title":"Steroidal saponins from the bulbs of Lilium longiflorum and their antitumour-promoter activity","volume":"37","author":"Mimaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200093q","article-title":"Antifungal activity and fungal metabolism of steroidal glycosides of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by the plant pathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea","volume":"59","author":"Munafo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9361","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17089361","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bulb extracts of six Lilium species native to China","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760601118361","article-title":"S-allyl cysteine prevents CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats","volume":"41","author":"Kodai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(89)90050-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity","volume":"43","author":"Recknagel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90625-U","article-title":"Mechanism for the protective effects of silymarin against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in mice. Evidence that silymarin acts both as an inhibitor of metabolic activation and as a chain-breaking antioxidant","volume":"39","author":"Lett\u00e9ron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.12.011","article-title":"Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts prevent liver damage","volume":"48","author":"Shaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641597","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/641597","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of Silybum marianum (silymarin) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (glycyrrhizin) in combination: a possible synergy","volume":"2014","author":"Rasool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.32.1552","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo anticancer effects of American ginseng berry: exploring representative compounds","volume":"32","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9812477","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of ginsenosides in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) root powder by visible\/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"47","author":"Ren","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60449G","article-title":"Wild bitter gourd protects against alcoholic fatty liver in mice by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-156","article-title":"Inhibition by curcumin of multiple sites of the transforming growth factor-beta1 signalling pathway ameliorates the progression of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01068.x","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1992","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of 20(S)-ginsenosides Rg3 and its metabolite 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)00961-9","article-title":"Food restriction attenuates blood lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats","volume":"19","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib31","series-title":"New approaches for assessment of hepatotoxicity by means of quantitative functional-morphological interrelationship in toxicity of liver","first-page":"23","author":"De la Iglesia","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-5926-1-1","article-title":"Structural and functional aspects of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrae: a review","volume":"1","author":"Braet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30542","article-title":"Models of liver fibrosis: exploring the dynamic nature of inflammation and repair in a solid organ","volume":"117","author":"Iredale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.8.1512","article-title":"Xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity: mechanisms of liver injury and methods of monitoring hepatic function","volume":"43","author":"Sturgill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(80)90121-0","article-title":"The effect of carbon tetrachloride treatment on urine flow rate of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri","volume":"52","author":"Pfeifer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.2.705","article-title":"Early hypomethylation of 2\u2032-O-ribose moieties in hepatocyte cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA underlies the protein synthetic defect produced by CCl4","volume":"105","author":"Clawson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib37","first-page":"579","article-title":"Ameliorative potential of Phyllanthus amarus against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"66","author":"Krithika","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Pol Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.02.002","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of silymarin on symptoms, signs and biomarkers of acute hepatitis","volume":"16","author":"El-Kamary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9486-z","article-title":"Effects of long-term silymarin oral supplementation on the blood biochemical profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"37","author":"Banaee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-104-25923","article-title":"A\u00a0new insight into pathogenesis of carbon tetrachloride fat infiltration","volume":"104","author":"Recknagel","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(68)90041-5","article-title":"Early onset of lipoperoxidation in rat liver after carbon tetrachloride administration","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"1968","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(69)90006-9","article-title":"Biochemical basis for the in\u00a0vitro pro-oxidant action of carbon tetrachloride","volume":"11","author":"Glende","year":"1969","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400610","article-title":"Biochemical effect of antioxidants on lipids and liver function in experimentally-induced liver damage","volume":"34","author":"Halim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20040109","article-title":"Lipoprotein transport in the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiological and interventional studies employing stable isotopy and modelling methods","volume":"107","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.04.018","article-title":"Methiocarb-induced oxidative damage following subacute exposure and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in rats","volume":"47","author":"Ozden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90515-M","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in the liver injury produced by glutathione depleting agents","volume":"39","author":"Maellaro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12371","article-title":"The pro-fibrotic effects of pregnancy in a carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mouse model","volume":"34","author":"Amer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib48","first-page":"135","article-title":"Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis: the (myo)fibroblastic cell subpopulations involved","volume":"38","author":"Guyot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0703-0","article-title":"Tissue remodeling following submassive hemorrhagic necrosis in rat livers induced by an intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine","volume":"442","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ginseng Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1226845316300045?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1226845316300045?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T05:49:30Z","timestamp":1600926570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1226845316300045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1226845316300045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1226-8453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1226-8453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ginseng essence, a medicinal and edible herbal formulation, ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ginseng Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}