{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:34:29Z","timestamp":1791426869379,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2017MC067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2017MC067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010870","name":"Qingdao Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-2-2-65-jch"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-2-2-65-jch"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31701208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31701208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ginseng Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T22:14:44Z","timestamp":1594851284000},"page":"22-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningning","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8853-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn Htet Htet","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Youl","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease","volume":"67","author":"Jokinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040794","article-title":"Sleep, autonomic nervous function and atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kadoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2538","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00706","article-title":"Vasa vasorum angiogenesis: key player in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and potential target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Sedding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.030","article-title":"Stress, inflammation, and defense of homeostasis","volume":"54","author":"Chovatiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-117","article-title":"Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease","volume":"11","author":"Frostegard","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490301","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/490301","article-title":"Ginseng berry extract prevents atherogenesis via anti-inflammatory action by upregulating phase II gene expression","volume":"2012","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib9","first-page":"3295","article-title":"Irbesartan attenuates TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expression through suppression of NF-kappaB pathway in HUVECs","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12923","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mature dendritic cells increase endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis via membrane TNF-alpha mediated NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"20","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness","volume":"114","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306361","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12466","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis","volume":"214","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1555","article-title":"MicroRNAs play an essential role in autophagy regulation in various disease phenotypes","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1434373","article-title":"TFEB and trehalose drive the macrophage autophagy-lysosome system to protect against atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4147","article-title":"MafB promotes atherosclerosis by inhibiting foam-cell apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Hamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.1","article-title":"The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea)","volume":"37","author":"Baeg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00630-4","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases","volume":"27","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib19","first-page":"152761","article-title":"Stronger anti-obesity effect of white ginseng over red ginseng and the potential mechanisms involving chemically structural\/compositional specificity to gut microbiota","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5007-8","article-title":"Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123030","article-title":"Red ginseng attenuates abeta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and abeta-mediated pathology in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib22","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib23","first-page":"522","article-title":"[Study on the chemical constituents of\u00a0the roots of commercial ginseng]","volume":"28","author":"Dou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12971","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms governing different pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and potential for ginsenoside-perpetrated herb-drug interactions on OATP1B3","volume":"172","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.02.001","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rc from Panax ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory activity by targeting TANK-binding kinase 1\/interferon regulatory factor-3 and p38\/ATF-2","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500336","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rc from Korean red ginseng (panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) attenuates inflammatory symptoms of gastritis, hepatitis and arthritis","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1159\/000495677","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R1 protects HUVEC against oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-Induced atherogenic response via down-regulating miR-132","volume":"51","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00727","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 enhances atherosclerotic plaque stability by improving autophagy and lipid metabolism in macrophage foam cells","volume":"8","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.912986","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172546","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits vascular calcification as a selective androgen receptor modulator","volume":"859","author":"Nanao-Hamai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2012.04.032","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb(1) inhibits the carotid neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury in rats via suppressing the phenotype modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"685","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2015.04.003","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm through inactivation of the JNK and p38 signaling pathways","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112912","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on early atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice via inhibition of apoptosis and enhancing autophagy","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.12.011","article-title":"Autophagy and its regulation by ginseng components","volume":"43","author":"Qomaladewi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12436","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis with diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113797","article-title":"The kinase inhibitor BX795 suppresses the inflammatory response via multiple kinases","volume":"174","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2017.1344217","article-title":"miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease with a particular focus on WO2010091204","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00027E","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg2 inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and suppresses obesity in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice through the AMPK pathway","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.03.036","article-title":"Understanding the role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in stent restenosis","volume":"272","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.017","article-title":"Insights into the regulatory role of circRNA in angiogenesis and clinical implications","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.018","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA XXYLT1-AS2 regulates proliferation and adhesion by targeting the RNA binding protein FUS in HUVEC","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00022","article-title":"MiR-378a-5p regulates proliferation and migration in vascular smooth muscle cell by targeting CDK1","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00783","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rb1-Mediated anti-angiogenesis via regulating PEDF and miR-33a through the activation of PPAR-gamma pathway","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306256","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Tabas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13329","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 enhances atherosclerotic plaque stability by skewing macrophages to the M2 phenotype","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110209","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in murine clonal osteoblasts expressed by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax by NF-kappa B and TNF-alpha","volume":"11","author":"Kitajima","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270722","article-title":"Predominant pathogenic role of tumor necrosis factor in experimental colitis in mice","volume":"27","author":"Neurath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00464","article-title":"Attenuation of TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory injury in endothelial cells by ginsenoside Rb1 via inhibiting NF-kappaB, JNK and p38 signaling pathways","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6312","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200424k","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits proliferation and inflammatory responses in rat aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.01.054","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 blocks homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.019","article-title":"Role of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"88","author":"Mimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00119","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1, oxidation, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.09.022","article-title":"Inhibiting adhesion events by Panax notoginseng saponins and Ginsenoside Rb1 protecting arteries via activation of Nrf2 and suppression of p38 - VCAM-1 signal pathway","volume":"192","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1003","article-title":"Activation of NF-E2-related factor-2 reverses biochemical dysfunction of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia linked to vascular disease","volume":"57","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.114.009654","article-title":"The physiology, pathology, and pharmacology of voltage-gated calcium channels and their future therapeutic potential","volume":"67","author":"Zamponi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282f52467","article-title":"Pathophysiological implications of transient receptor potential channels in vascular function","volume":"17","author":"Inoue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.08.001","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rd from panax notoginseng blocks Ca2+ influx through receptor- and store-operated Ca2+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"548","author":"Guan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05286.x","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat cortical neurons","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.11.017","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rd, a purified component from panax notoginseng saponins, prevents atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice","volume":"652","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12332","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of zinc finger protein A20 overexpression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"51","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Periodontal Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.12.005","article-title":"Whitening efficacy of ginsenoside F1 through inhibition of melanin transfer in cocultured human melanocytes-keratinocytes and three-dimensional human skin equivalent","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.02.002","article-title":"Ginsenoside F1 suppresses astrocytic senescence-associated secretory phenotype","volume":"283","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib64","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Computational investigation of ginsenoside F1 from Panax ginseng meyer as p38 MAP kinase inhibitor: molecular docking and dynamics simulations, ADMET analysis, and drug likeness prediction","volume":"17","author":"Noh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313283","article-title":"Macrophage inflammation, erythrophagocytosis, and accelerated atherosclerosis in Jak2 (V617F) mice","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00953","article-title":"Ginsenoside F1 ameliorates endothelial cell inflammatory injury and prevents atherosclerosis in mice through A20-mediated suppression of NF-kB signaling","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.02.004","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 and Korean Red Ginseng extract epigenetically regulate the tumor-related long noncoding RNAs RFX3-AS1 and STXBP5-AS1","volume":"43","author":"Ham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq300","article-title":"Ginsenoside-Rg1 induces angiogenesis via non-genomic crosstalk of glucocorticoid receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1","volume":"89","author":"Cheung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.08.090","article-title":"Studies on anti-angiogenesis of ginsenoside structure modification HRG in\u00a0vitro","volume":"492","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx136","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits apoptosis by increasing autophagy via the AMPK\/mTOR signaling in serum deprivation macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.806158","article-title":"Macrophage apoptosis exerts divergent effects on atherogenesis as a function of lesion stage","volume":"119","author":"Gautier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr.15038409","article-title":"Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Mol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.09.029","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits vascular intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery by down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2","volume":"138","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(03)00097-2","article-title":"Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis","volume":"170","author":"Blankenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2013.17.2.133","article-title":"Ginsenoside rg2 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced adhesion molecule expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cell","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00464","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 mitigates atherosclerosis progression in diabetic apoE-\/- mice by skewing macrophages to the M2 phenotype","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.09.004","article-title":"Ginsenoside compound K protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB, p38, and JNK MAPK pathways","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ginseng Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2011.08.008","article-title":"Ginsenoside metabolite compound K differentially antagonizing tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced monocyte-endothelial trafficking","volume":"194","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.002","article-title":"Compound K, an intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, inhibits PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation and migration through G1 arrest and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury","volume":"228","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108934","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re inhibits PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation via the eNOS\/NO\/cGMP pathway","volume":"115","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071232","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of ginsenoside compound K derivatives as a novel class of LXRalpha activator","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057113516004","article-title":"Identification of a selective agonist for liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) via screening of a synthetic compound library","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomol Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071054","article-title":"Compound K attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-\/-) mice via LXRalpha activation","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2010.12.003","article-title":"Total Ginsenosides suppress the neointimal hyperplasia of rat carotid artery induced by balloon injury","volume":"54","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2010.00560.x","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb3 inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.12.004","article-title":"NADPH oxidase 4 regulates vascular inflammation in aging and atherosclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Lozhkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.07.007","article-title":"Consumption of a high-fat, high-calorie meal is associated with an increase in intracellular co-localization of PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein in monocytes","volume":"112","author":"Henning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0192","article-title":"Cardioprotection by ginseng: experimental and clinical evidence and underlying mechanisms","volume":"96","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/187153008784534330","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204447y","article-title":"Panax ginseng extract rich in ginsenoside protopanaxatriol attenuates blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats by affecting the Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"60","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.11.032","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3-loaded, reactive oxygen species-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for alleviating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"317","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Control Release"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13601","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3 stereoisomers differentially inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in diabetic atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00123.x","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates the oestrogen-like activities of ginsenoside Rg1 in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells","volume":"156","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070830","article-title":"Antiobesity effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high fat diet-induced obese mice mediated by AMPK","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.02.035","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics and bioavailability of a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin (IH901) complexed with beta-cyclodextrin","volume":"316","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ginseng Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1226845320301135?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1226845320301135?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T09:15:56Z","timestamp":1761124556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1226845320301135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1226845320301135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1226-8453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1226-8453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ginseng Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.07.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}