{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T05:17:49Z","timestamp":1780118269560,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,14]],"date-time":"2006-11-14T15:22:02Z","timestamp":1163517722000},"page":"7-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":439,"title":["Dust explosions\u2013Cases, causes, consequences, and control"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.A.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib1","series-title":"BS2955: 1958, Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders, No. 505","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib2","volume":"vols. 1\u20133","author":"Lees","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib3","series-title":"NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib4","series-title":"Dust Explosions and Fire","author":"Palmer","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib5","unstructured":"G. Vijayaraghavan, Impact assessment, modelling, and control of dust explosions in chemical process industries, MTech Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib6","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00039-X","article-title":"Overview of dust explosibility characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Cashdollar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.035","article-title":"A few fundamental aspects about ignition and flame propagation in dust clouds","volume":"19","author":"Proust","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib9","unstructured":"G. Williamson, Introduction to dust cloud explosions, 2002, www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk\/\u223cemju49\/SP2001\/webpage\/intro\/intro.html (last accessed on September 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(00)00036-X","article-title":"Safety strategy against potential hazards due to the handling of powders in a blending unit","volume":"14","author":"Jaeger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2005.05.052","article-title":"Dust explosions in connected vessels: mathematical modelling","volume":"155","author":"Kosinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib12","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Lees","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-743X(00)00067-1","article-title":"The explosion of a ship, loaded with black powder, in Leiden in 1807","volume":"25","author":"Reitsma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(73)80076-2","article-title":"Cause and prevention of dust explosions in grain elevators and flour mills","volume":"8","author":"Theimer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib15","unstructured":"S.K. Kuriechan, Causes and impacts of accidents in chemical process industries and a study of the consequence analysis software, MPhil Thesis, Pondicherry University, 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib16","series-title":"An Investigation of Fourteen Grain Elevator Explosions Occurring between January 1979 and April 1981","author":"Kauffman","year":"1984"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib17","article-title":"The explosion accident in the Harbin Linen textile plant","author":"Bowen","year":"1988","journal-title":"EuropEx Newslett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib18","unstructured":"Z. Hailin, Investigation of the dust explosion in Harbin linen factory, Unpublished English manuscript, 1988 (cited in [6])."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib19","unstructured":"Failure Knowledge Database, Japan Science and Technology Agency, http:\/\/shippai.jst.go.jp\/en\/Detail?Ffn=0&id=CC1200059&."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib20","series-title":"Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection: A Practical Guide","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib21","unstructured":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, www.anken.go.jp\/english\/kenkyu\/houkoku\/rr_99_03.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib22","series-title":"MIOSHA News, vol. 3, no. 3","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib23","series-title":"Proceedings of the 34th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium","article-title":"A tale of two explosion","author":"Zalosh","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib24","unstructured":"OSHA press release on Rouse Polymerics investigation, 2000, http:\/\/www.osha.gov\/pls\/oshaweb\/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEW_RELEASES&p_id=9830 (cited in [25])."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.10033","article-title":"Dust explosion prevention and the critical importance of housekeeping","volume":"23","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2004.07.004","article-title":"Aluminum dust explosion risk analysis in metal workings","volume":"17","author":"Marmo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib27","unstructured":"R.W. Schoeff, 2006, http:\/\/www.oznet.ksu.edu\/pr_histpubs\/Dust_Exp.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1205\/psep.04210","article-title":"The expertise and the practice of loss prevention in the Indian process industry some pointers for the third world","volume":"83","author":"Abbasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. IChemE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib29","series-title":"Risk Assessment in the Chemical Process Industries: Advanced Techniques","author":"Khan","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib30","article-title":"Environmental pollution and its control","author":"Abbasi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cogent Int. Pondicherry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680180304","article-title":"The world's worst industrial accident of the 1990s","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00026-2","article-title":"Design and evaluation of safety measures using a newly proposed methodology \u2018SCAP\u2019","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(00)00006-1","article-title":"Risk analysis of a typical chemical industry using QRA procedure","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(02)00050-5","article-title":"A criterion for developing credible accident scenarios for risk assessment","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.01.081","article-title":"Cellular automata-based forecasting of the impact of accidental fire and toxic dispersion in process industries","volume":"137","author":"Sarkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Abbasi, S.A. Abbasi, The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE): mechanism, consequence assessment, management, J. Hazard. Mater. (2006), doi:10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib37","unstructured":"G. Vijayaraghavan, T. Abbasi, N. Ramesh, S.A. Abbasi, Dust explosions in process industry: a case for greater awareness in India, Indian Chem. Eng., in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2003.07.010","article-title":"A re-analysis of the atmospheric and ionospheric effects of the Flixborough explosion","volume":"65","author":"Krasnov","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Solar: Terr. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib39","series-title":"Fuel-air Explosions","first-page":"305","article-title":"Agricultural dust explosions in grain handling facilities","author":"Kauffman","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1051\/jp4:20020276","article-title":"Explosibility assessment of dusts produced in the recycling process of electrical appliances","volume":"12","author":"Nifuku","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV France"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.04.007","article-title":"Ignitability assessment of shredder dusts of refrigerator and the prevention of dust explosion","volume":"19","author":"Nifuku","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(03)00017-2","article-title":"Simple devices to prevent dust explosion propagation in charge chutes and pipes","volume":"16","author":"Holbrow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00057-7","article-title":"Determination of technical safety indices and factors influencing hazard evaluation of dusts","volume":"9","author":"Siwek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.03.025","article-title":"Dust explosion hazard of pulverized fuel carry-over","volume":"122","author":"Amyotte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib45","series-title":"Determination of the Combustion and Explosion Characteristics of Dusts","author":"ISSA","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(02)00087-6","article-title":"Ignitions of explosive dust clouds by smouldering and flaming agglomerates","volume":"16","author":"Gummer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2003.11.004","article-title":"Partial inerting\u2014an additional degree of freedom in dust explosion protection","volume":"17","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib48","series-title":"Brenngas-und Staubexplosionen, Forschungsbericht F45. Koblenz Bundesinstitut fur Arbeitsschutz","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib49","series-title":"Explosionen, Ablauf und Schutzmassnahmen","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib50","unstructured":"International Standards Organization, Explosion Protection Systems. Part 1. Determination of Explosion Indices of Combustible Dusts in Air, ISO 6184\/1, ISO, Geneva, 1985."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib51","unstructured":"R. Siwek, 20-L Laboratory Apparatus for the Determination of the Explosion Characteristics of Flammable Dusts. Thesis At Winterthur Engineering College, Winterthur, Switzerland, 1977, 109 pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib52","series-title":"Development of a 20l Laboratory Apparatus and its Applications for the Investigation of Combustible Dust","author":"Siwek","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1205\/095758202321154916","article-title":"Determination of minimum inerting concentrations for combustible dusts in a laboratory-scale chamber","volume":"80","author":"Dastidar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Safety Environ. Protect.: Trans. IChemE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(01)00038-2","article-title":"Inerting of coal dust explosions in laboratory and intermediate-scale experiments","volume":"80","author":"Dastidar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(96)00006-3","article-title":"A comparison of experimental methods to determine the minimum explosible concentration of dusts","volume":"75","author":"Chawla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00050-X","article-title":"Coal dust explosibility","volume":"9","author":"Cashdollar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00043-1","article-title":"Flammability limit measurements for dusts in 20-L and 1-m3 vessels","volume":"13","author":"Going","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00052-3","article-title":"On the transient flow in the 20-l explosion sphere","volume":"14","author":"Dahoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680130306","article-title":"Flammability of metals and other elemental dust clouds","volume":"13","author":"Cashdollar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(91)85004-D","article-title":"Coal dust explosions in a spherical bomb","volume":"4","author":"Continillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2005.06.032","article-title":"Dust explosion hazard in ITER: explosion indices of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures","volume":"75\u201379","author":"Denkevits","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.001","article-title":"Explosibility of fine graphite and tungsten dusts and their mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Denkevits","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.008","article-title":"Solid inertants and their use in dust explosion prevention and mitigation","volume":"19","author":"Amyotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680220106","article-title":"Requirements for a minimum ignition energy standard","volume":"22","author":"Dahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib65","unstructured":"Atex 100a\u2019 Directive, Directive 94\/9\/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, March 23, 1994, on the approximation of the laws of the member states concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib66","unstructured":"IEC, Draft SPS for discussion at the meeting of TC 31 in Seoul, IEC document 31\/376\/INF, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2001, p. 3 (SC 31H)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib67","unstructured":"IEC, Proposed change to the scope of TC 31, IEC document 31\/405\/Q, 2002-02-01, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib68","series-title":"IEC, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code), IEC International Standard 60529","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib69","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention, and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions","article-title":"The role of powder technology in understanding dust explosions","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib70","series-title":"User Guide to Fire and Explosion Hazards in Drying of Particulate Materials","author":"Reay","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib71","series-title":"Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Dryers","author":"Abbott","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib72","series-title":"Dust Explosion","author":"Field","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680220202","article-title":"Toxic gas release caused by the thermal decomposition of a bulk powder blend containing sodium dichloroisocyanurate","volume":"22","author":"Carpenter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00046-8","article-title":"Incendiary characteristics of electrostatic discharge for dust and gas explosion","volume":"14","author":"Nifuku","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib75","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second IUPAC Workshop on Safety in Chemical Production","first-page":"256","article-title":"Dust explosion incidents in Japan","author":"Matsuda","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00047-X","article-title":"Evaluation of the explosibility of malt grain dust based on static electrification during pneumatic transportation","volume":"14","author":"Nifuku","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib77","first-page":"85","article-title":"Ignition of dust clouds by brush discharges in oxygen enriched atmospheres","volume":"61","author":"Larsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Explosionsschutz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib78","first-page":"3","article-title":"Deflagration, detonation and combustion of dust mixtures","author":"Wolanski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Instit. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00050-9","article-title":"Suppression of dust explosions by means of different explosive charges","volume":"13","author":"Klemens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680200304","article-title":"Dust explosion case study: \u2018Bad things can still happen to good companies\u2019","volume":"20","author":"Pickup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00052-6","article-title":"Dust explosions in totally enclosed interconnected vessel systems","volume":"9","author":"Lunn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib82","series-title":"Proceedings of the II Internet Conference on Process Safety","article-title":"A report on some tests on the jet ignition of dust clouds","author":"Andrews","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib83","series-title":"Proceedings of the Loss Prevention Symposium","article-title":"EFFEX: a tool to model the consequences of dust explosions","author":"Proust","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib84","series-title":"Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection. Part 1. Venting","author":"Lunn","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib85","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industry","author":"Eckhoff","year":"1991"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib86","first-page":"2","article-title":"Evaluation of dust explosions in the Federal Republic of Germany","author":"Jeske","year":"1989","journal-title":"EuropEx Newslett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(96)00010-1","article-title":"Dust explosions in pipes: a review","volume":"9","author":"Proust","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib88","series-title":"Paper Presented at Dust Explosions: Assessment, Prevention and Protection","article-title":"Industrial incidents","author":"Porter","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00049-2","article-title":"Recent developments of standardization of testing methods for dust explosion in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Nifuku","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib90","first-page":"3","article-title":"Preventing industrial dust explosions","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Occup. Health Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib91","series-title":"Handbuch des Explosionsschutzes","author":"Steen","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2006.01.001","article-title":"Differences and similarities of gas and dust explosions: a critical evaluation of the European \u2018ATEX\u2019 directives in relation to dusts","volume":"19","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib93","unstructured":"European Directive 94\/9 EC, Directive 94\/9\/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, of March 23, 1994 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib94","unstructured":"European Directive 1999\/92\/EC, Directive 1999\/92\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16, 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres (15th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89\/391\/EEC), 1999."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.012","article-title":"Current status and expected future trends in dust explosion research","volume":"18","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.03.007","article-title":"Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen\u2013air mixtures from closed vessel gas explosions","volume":"18","author":"Dahoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib97","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International College on Dust Explosions","article-title":"Propagation mechanisms of starch particles\u2014air flames","author":"Rzal","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib98","series-title":"Einfluss der turbulenzl\u00e4nge und der schwankungsgeschwindichkeit auf die verbrennungs-geschwindigkeit von aerosolen bericht 14\/1996","author":"Mitgau","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib99","unstructured":"P. Mitgau, H. Gg Wagner, R. Klemens, Einfluss der Turbulenzl\u00e4nge und der Schwankungsgeschwindichkeit auf die Flammengeschwindigkeit von St\u00e4uben, Feuerungs-technik, Kaleidoskop aus aktueller Forschung und Entwicklung, Festschrift an Prof. Wolfgang Leuckel zu seinem 65, Geburtstag, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Bereich Feuerungs-technik, Universit\u00e4t Karlsruhe (TH), Germany, 1997, pp. 17\u201345."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib100","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Symposium (International) on Combustion","first-page":"325","article-title":"Volatility model for coal dust flame propagation and extinguishment","author":"Hertzberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib101","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium (International) on Combustion","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Effect of volatility on dust flammability limits for coals, gilsonite, and polyethylene","author":"Cashdollar","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib102","series-title":"Proceedings of the 24th Symposium (International) on Combustion","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Metal dust combustion","author":"Hertzberg","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(96)01825-0","article-title":"Explosibility hazard of iron sulphide dusts as a function of particle size","volume":"51","author":"Soundararajan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680190305","article-title":"Dust deflagration extinction","volume":"19","author":"Chatrathi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2003.09.008","article-title":"Influence of initial pressure on the explosibility of cork dust\/air mixtures","volume":"17","author":"Pilao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.001","article-title":"Explosibility of cork dust in methane\/air mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Pilao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib107","series-title":"Development and Control of Dust Explosions","author":"Nagy","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib108","series-title":"Proceedings of the Industrial Dust Explosions, STP 958","first-page":"33","article-title":"Influence of temperature and pressure on the explosion characteristics of dust\/air and dust\/air\/inert gas mixtures","author":"Wiemann","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(97)00285-8","article-title":"Biomass dust explosibility at elevated initial pressures","volume":"77","author":"Gracia-Torrent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00051-0","article-title":"Modelling of maize starch explosions in a 12m3 silo","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(97)00026-0","article-title":"The role of turbulence in dust explosions","volume":"11","author":"Tamanini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib112","series-title":"Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases","author":"Lewis","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib113","series-title":"Proceedings of the Industrial Dust Explosions STP 958","first-page":"5","article-title":"Introduction to dust explosions","author":"Hertzberg","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib114","series-title":"Dust Explosions: Course, Prevention, Protection","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib115","series-title":"NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(00)00161-0","article-title":"Experience with mural in formalising Dust-Expert","volume":"43","author":"Vadera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inform. Software Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.008","article-title":"Solid inertants and their use in dust explosion prevention and mitigation","volume":"19","author":"Amyotte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(91)80029-N","article-title":"Effects of methane admixture, particle size and volatile content on the dolomite inerting requirements of coal dust","volume":"27","author":"Amyotte","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(93)90580-U","article-title":"The ignitability of coal dust\u2013air and methane\u2013coal dust\u2013air mixtures","volume":"72","author":"Amyotte","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib120","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries","author":"Eckhoff","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib121","first-page":"189","article-title":"An inherent safety framework for dust explosion prevention and mitigation","author":"Amyotte","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. IV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib122","first-page":"36","article-title":"Reduce dust explosions the inherently safer way","volume":"99","author":"Amyotte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib123","unstructured":"NFPA 654 Standard for the prevention of fire and dust explosions from the manufacturing, processing and handling of combustible particulate solids, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib124","unstructured":"I. Hesby, Ignition of dust layers by metal particle sparks, MSc Thesis, Department of physics, University of Bergen, Norway, Part of the DESPRO programme conducted by CMR (GexCon), Bergen, Norway, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib125","series-title":"Proceedings Fifth International Symposium on Hazards, Prevention and Mitigation of Industrial Explosions","article-title":"Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself","author":"Randeberg","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib126","series-title":"Paper presented at the Dechema Jahrestagung 1999","article-title":"Einfluss der Sauerstoffkonzentration auf die Mindestz\u00fcndenergie von Sta\u00fcben","author":"Glor","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-7112(96)81544-X","article-title":"Nitrogen dilution for explosion of nutrient yeast dust\/air mixture","volume":"25","author":"Devlikanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fire Safety J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(97)00284-6","article-title":"Inerting biomass dust explosions under hyperbaric working conditions","volume":"77","author":"Wilen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib129","series-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium Loss Preventions and Safety Promotion in the Processing Industry","first-page":"909","article-title":"Relation between ignition energy and limiting oxygen concentrations for powders","author":"Schwenzfeuer","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib130","unstructured":"Dansk Fire Eater A\/S, INERGEN, Anl\u0153gsbeskrivelse & Design, Report obtained from Dansk Fire Eater A\/S, Skovlytoften 14, DK-2840 Holte, Denmark, 1992."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00043-7","article-title":"Inerting of fine metallic powders","volume":"9","author":"Mintz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.680210407","article-title":"Explosion protection with metal dust fuels","volume":"21","author":"Going","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Safety Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib133","series-title":"Explosionstechnische Entkopplung","author":"Faber","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib134","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dust Explosions","first-page":"487","article-title":"A new digital pressure measurement system for fast and reliable detection of dust explosions in their initial phase","author":"Brennecke","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib135","first-page":"37","article-title":"How valve action can combat the transmission effect (of dust explosions)","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bulk-storage, Movement Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib136","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries","article-title":"Ignition breakthrough behaviour of dust\/air and hybrid mixtures through narrow gaps","author":"Schuber","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib137","first-page":"165","article-title":"New knowledge about rotary air locks in preventing dust ignition break-through, Plant\/Operations Progress","volume":"8","author":"Siwek","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIChE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib138","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Int. Coll. Dust Explosions","first-page":"500","article-title":"The tests on triggered barriers in cross-roads of mining galleries","author":"Cybulski","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00045-3","article-title":"Suppressants for the control of industrial explosion","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.013","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of dust\u2013air mixture explosion suppression","volume":"19","author":"Oleszczak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib141","unstructured":"A.J. Morgan, The arresting of explosions to minimize environmental damage, PhD Thesis, Brunel University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib142","unstructured":"CEN (2001): explosion suppression systems, European Union draft standard prEN 14373 (CEN\/TC 305 WI 00305032, August 2001) prepared by CEN\/TC 305 \u2018Potentially explosive atmospheres. Explosion prevention and protection\u2019, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(95)00044-5","article-title":"Prevention and mitigation of dust explosions in the process industries: a survey of recent research and development","volume":"9","author":"Eckhoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib144","series-title":"Guide to Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection. Part 3. Venting of Weak Explosions and the Effect of Vent Ducts","author":"Lunn","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(88)85003-4","article-title":"The effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressures of vented dust explosions","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(88)80029-9","article-title":"Using the KSt nomographs to estimate the venting requirements in weak dust-handling equipment","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib147","article-title":"Dust explosion venting: secondary explosion for vessel volumes up to 250m3","volume":"22","author":"Schumann","year":"1993","journal-title":"EuropEx Newslett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2004.09.002","article-title":"Experimental investigations on the external pressure during venting","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(97)00036-3","article-title":"Effects of vent ducts on the reduced pressures from explosions in dust collectors","volume":"11","author":"Lunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib150","volume":"vol. 1601","author":"Lunn","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00041-8","article-title":"A correlation for the impulse produced by vented explosions","volume":"13","author":"Tamanini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib152","series-title":"Venting as and Dust Explosions\u2014A Review","author":"Lunn","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6349(84)90012-9","article-title":"Dust explosion experiments in a vented 500m3 silo cell","volume":"6","author":"Eckhoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Occup. Accid."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00034-1","article-title":"Scaling parameters for vented gas and dust explosions","volume":"14","author":"Tamanini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib155","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Fire Safety Science","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Venting of deflagrations: dynamics of the process in systems with a duct and receiver","author":"Molkov","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(98)00038-8","article-title":"Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct. 1. Mechanism of vessel\u2013duct interaction","volume":"116","author":"Ponizy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib157","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries","first-page":"223","article-title":"The effect of tubes connected with pressure relief vents","author":"Wiekema","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(88)90105-8","article-title":"Influence of ducting on explosion pressure: small scale experiments","volume":"71","author":"Kordylewski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(85)90128-2","article-title":"Gasdynamics of vented explosions. Part I. Experimental studies","volume":"59","author":"McCann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(98)00039-X","article-title":"Flame dynamics in a vented vessel connected to a duct. 2. Influence of ignition site, membrane rupture, and turbulence","volume":"116","author":"Ponizy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200008947332","article-title":"Mitigation of explosions in a vented vessel connected to a duct","volume":"158","author":"Ponizy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(93)80013-C","article-title":"A simplified method for predicting the effect of ducts connected to explosion vents","volume":"6","author":"Ural","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(88)85003-4","article-title":"The effect of vent ducts on the reduced. Explosion pressures of vented dust explosions","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib164","unstructured":"C.J. Lea, H.S. Ledin, A Review of the State-of-the-Art in Gas Explosion Modelling, Health and Safety Laboratory, HSL\/02, 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.03.037","article-title":"CFD analysis of gas explosions vented through relief pipes","volume":"137","author":"Ferrara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib166","series-title":"Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazard of Substances and Venting of Deflagrations","first-page":"166","article-title":"Theoretical generalization of international experimental data on vented explosion dynamics","author":"Molkov","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(99)00063-7","article-title":"Venting of deflagrations: hydrocarbon air and hydrogen\u2013air systems","volume":"13","author":"Molkov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib168","first-page":"2","article-title":"Recoil forces of vented explosions in technical installations","volume":"17","author":"Faber","year":"1991","journal-title":"EuropEx Newslett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib169","first-page":"5","article-title":"Duration of vented dust explosions","volume":"23","author":"Harmanny","year":"1993","journal-title":"EuropEx Newslett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-4230(96)00025-3","article-title":"Vent sizing in partial-volume deflagrations and its application to the case of spray dryers","volume":"9","author":"Tamanini","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib171","unstructured":"S. Cooper, Explosion venting\u2014the predicted effects of inertia, paper to Hzards XIV: cost effective safety, Symposium Series No. 114, Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib172","volume":"vol. 1272","author":"Hauert","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib173","unstructured":"S. H\u00f6chst, Untersuchungen zur Druckentlastung gro\u00dfer Beh\u00e4lter beim deflagrativen Abbrand von Gas\/Luft-und Brennstaub\/Luft-Gemischen, Dissertation Technical University Karlsruhe, 1997 (in German)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.04.005","article-title":"Experiments on the influence of pre-ignition turbulence on vented gas and dust explosions","volume":"19","author":"Scheid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib175","unstructured":"VDI 3673, Pressure Release of Dust Explosions. Verein Deutsche Ingenieure, Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft, Germany, 1999 (Green Paper)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(98)00050-3","article-title":"Dust explosion protection in linked vessels: guidance for containment and venting","volume":"12","author":"Holbrow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib177","series-title":"Proceedings of the BCS Expert Systems Coference","first-page":"189","article-title":"The development of Dust-Expert","author":"Vadera","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib178","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Colloqium on Dust Explosions","first-page":"487","article-title":"DUSTEXPERT\u2014an expert system for the assessment of explosion hazards and the selection of explosion protection methods for dust handling plants","author":"von Haefen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib179","first-page":"643","article-title":"ExTra\u2014an expert system for the safety analysis of drying plants","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Hesener","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(00)00161-0","article-title":"Experience with mural in formalizing Dust-Expert","volume":"43","author":"Vadera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inform. Software Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib181","series-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industry","first-page":"851","article-title":"Computer based assessment of hazards caused by electrostatic discharges","author":"Hesener","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib182","unstructured":"O.R. Hansen, D. Larsen, DESC: CFD-Dust Explosion Simulation code, 2004, www.gexcon.com."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib183","series-title":"Software for explosion protection \u2018WinVent\u2019 and \u2018ExTools\u2019","author":"Siwek","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib184","series-title":"Anwendung des expertensystems electrostatic","author":"Kraus","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib185","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third World Seminar on the Explosion Phenomenon and on the Application of Explosion Protection Techniques in Practise","article-title":"ExProtect. A software response to important to important questions on safety in dust and gas explosion","author":"Lorenz","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib186","series-title":"ExProtect. Ein program zur beantwortung wichtiger fragen zum angewandten explosionsschutz","author":"Lorenz","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib187","unstructured":"A. Spiegelman, Risk management from an insurer's standpoint, The Hazards of Industrial Explosion from Dusts, Oyez\/IBC, London, 1981 (paper 7)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib188","unstructured":"K.N. Palmer, Dust explosions: basic characteristics, ignition sources and methods of protection against explosions, The Hazards of Industrial Explosion from Dusts, Oyez\/IBC, London, 1981 (paper 1)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib189","series-title":"Farrer Dust Explosions","author":"Cross","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, Cooper and Jacobsen, BM RI 4725, 1950.","DOI":"10.2307\/1438974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib191","series-title":"NFPA 68, Venting of Deflagrations","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib192","first-page":"141","article-title":"The calculation of dust explosion vents","volume":"10","author":"Gibson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Loss Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib193","series-title":"NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib194","series-title":"Verein deutscher Ingenieure, Druckentlastung von Staubexplosionen","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib195","series-title":"Paper to the Loss Prevention Symposium","article-title":"New findings on explosion venting","author":"Siwek","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib196","series-title":"NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib197","first-page":"165","article-title":"Dust explosions","volume":"45","author":"Schwab","year":"1964","journal-title":"Chem. Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib198","first-page":"63","article-title":"Explosion Venting","volume":"6","author":"Runes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Loss Prevent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib199","series-title":"Dammexplosioner. Arbetarskyddsstyrelsens Forfattningssamling, AFS 1981:5","author":"Danielson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib200","first-page":"314","article-title":"Pressure relief of dust explosions","volume":"11","author":"Heinrich","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arbeitsschutz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib201","first-page":"175","article-title":"Relief venting of dust explosions","volume":"1","author":"Palmer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Loss Prevent. Safety Promot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib202","first-page":"102","article-title":"Explosion venting of low pressure equipment","volume":"86","author":"Rust","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib203","first-page":"60","article-title":"Development of a new apparatus using ultrasonic vibration to measure the electric spark ignition energy for dust clouds","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Safety Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(01)00032-8","article-title":"Characteristics of the vibrating-mesh minimum ignition energy testing apparatus for dust clouds","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Loss Prevent. Proc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389406013604?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389406013604?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T18:36:37Z","timestamp":1683657397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389406013604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"references-count":204,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0304389406013604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.11.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}}}