{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:39:30Z","timestamp":1790678370317,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593648000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":244,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011568","name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Transition \u00e9cologique et Solidaire","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T23:23:52Z","timestamp":1560381832000},"page":"120767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Course of explosion behaviour of metallic powders \u2013 From micron to nanosize"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"379","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0737-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Vignes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Krietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Dufaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Santandr\u00e9a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Bouillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0005","first-page":"563","article-title":"Safety consideration when handling metal powders","volume":"7A","author":"Benson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.018","article-title":"Explosion temperatures and pressures of metals and other elemental dust clouds","volume":"20","author":"Cashdollar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0015","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.06.003","article-title":"Explosibility of micron- and nano-size titanium powders","volume":"26","author":"Boilard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0025","article-title":"Aiche spring meeting & 9th global congress on process safety: conference proceedings","volume":"2013","author":"Dastidar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.094","article-title":"Ignition and explosion risks of nanopowders","volume":"181","author":"Bouillard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/304\/1\/012076","article-title":"Ignition and explosion of nanopowders: something new under the dust","volume":"304","author":"Dufaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.03.016","article-title":"Explosion behaviour of metallic nano powders","volume":"36","author":"Krietsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.11.001","article-title":"Explosion characteristics of micron- and nano-size magnesium powders","volume":"27","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0050","series-title":"Evaluation of Potential Safety (physicochemical) Hazards Associated with the use of Engineered Nanomaterials","first-page":"58","author":"SWA","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2011.09.008","article-title":"Risk assessment of the ignitability and explosivity of aluminum nanopowders","volume":"90","author":"Vignes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1021\/ie201614b","article-title":"Review of the explosibility of nontraditional dusts","volume":"51","author":"Worsfold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2008.10.002","article-title":"Research of minimum ignition energy for nano Titanium powder and nano Iron powder","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2009.06.0043","article-title":"Explosion characteristics of aluminum nanopowders","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/941349","article-title":"Dust explosion characteristics of agglomerated 35 nm and 100 nm aluminum particles","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2009.11.002","article-title":"Study on safe air transporting velocity of nanograde aluminum, iron, and titanium","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2013.11.002","article-title":"Flame phenomena in nanogrinding process for titanium and iron","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0090","series-title":"E1226 \u2212 12a, Standard Test Method for Pressure and Rate of Pressure Rise for Combustible Dusts","first-page":"1","author":"ASTM","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0095","series-title":"Determination of Explosion Characteristics of Dust Clouds","author":"European Committee for Standardisation","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0100","article-title":"Modified setup of 20-L-Sphere for the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders","volume":"31","author":"Krietsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0105","series-title":"Fire and Explosion Properties of Nanopowders","author":"Holbrow","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2017.08.013","article-title":"Flame propagation behaviours in nano-metal dust explosions","volume":"321","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2011.02.021","article-title":"Size-dependent nanoparticle reaction enthalpy: oxidation of aluminum nanoparticles","volume":"72","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2011.02.022","article-title":"Equations for the Cabrera\u2013mott kinetics of oxidation for spherical nanoparticles","volume":"505","author":"Ermoline","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2009.08.007","article-title":"On possibility of vapor-phase combustion for fine aluminum particles","volume":"156","author":"Mohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2013.03.031","article-title":"Pyrophoricity of nascent and passivated aluminum particles at nano-scales","volume":"160","author":"Sundaram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.201800178","article-title":"Parameters of aluminum nanopowders activity after long-term storage in an airtight container","volume":"43","author":"Ilyin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Propell. Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0140","series-title":"CEN\/TC 352\/WG3\/PG3 \u2013 Protocols for Determining the Explosivity and Flammability of Powders Containing Nano-Objects (for Transport, Handling and Storage)","author":"Porcher","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2014.02.013","article-title":"Some myths and realities about dust explosions","volume":"92","author":"Amyotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2017.01.022","article-title":"Electric spark ignition sensitivity of nano and micro Ti powder layers in the presence of inert nano TiO 2 powder","volume":"46","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.04.007","article-title":"Minimum ignition energy of nano and micro Ti powder in the presence of inert nano TiO2 powder","volume":"274","author":"Chunmiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2558-0","article-title":"Rheology of powders and nanopowders through the use of a Couette four-bladed vane rheometer: flowability, cohesion energy, agglomerates and dustiness","volume":"16","author":"Bouillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2013.08.010","article-title":"Exploring a new method to study the agglomeration of powders: application to nanopowders","volume":"250","author":"Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2011.11.011","article-title":"Does the dust explosion risk increase when moving from \u03bcm-particle powders to powders of nm-particles?","volume":"25","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2013.02.007","article-title":"Influence of dispersibility and coagulation on the dust explosion risk presented by powders consisting of nm-particles","volume":"239","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0180","series-title":"Evaluation of Ignition and Explosion Risks of Nanopowders: a Great Way to Manage Industrial Safety Risks - \u00c9valuation De l\u2019inflammabilit\u00e9 Et De l\u2019explosivit\u00e9 Des Nanopoudres : Une D\u00e9marche Essentielle Pour La Ma\u00eetrise Des Risques","author":"Vignes","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.07.068","article-title":"Influence of turbulent flow on the explosion parameters of micro- and nano-aluminum powder\u2013air mixtures","volume":"299","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2016.04.005","article-title":"A general theory of ignition and combustion of nano- and micron-sized aluminum particles","volume":"169","author":"Sundaram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-7112(85)90053-0","article-title":"Use of (dP\/dt)max from closed-bomb tests for predicting violence of accidental dust explosions in industrial plants","volume":"8","author":"Eckhoff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0200","series-title":"Nanopowders Explosion: Influence of the Dispersion Characteristics","author":"Santandrea","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.200601089","article-title":"Impact fragmentation of metal nanoparticle agglomerates","volume":"24","author":"Seipenbusch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008731904082","article-title":"A historical introduction to computer models for fractal aggregates","volume":"15","author":"Meakin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Solgel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0215","series-title":"Europa-Lehrmittel","author":"Kaltofen","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0220","series-title":"Operating Instructions 20-l-apparatus 6.0","author":"Cesana","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0225","series-title":"Explosions De Poussi\u00e8res Et De M\u00e9langes Hybrides : \u00c9tude Param\u00e9trique Et Relation Entre La Cin\u00e9tique De Combustion Et La Violence De l\u2019explosion, Thesis","author":"Traore","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0230","series-title":"Dust Explosion - Handbook of Powder Technology","author":"Field","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0235","series-title":"Combustion and Explosion Characteristics of Dusts (BIA-Report 13\/97) and Gestis Database","author":"BGIA","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0240","series-title":"Explosibility of Metal Powders","author":"Jacobson","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10573-010-0089-2","article-title":"Experimental investigation on explosion characteristics of nano-aluminum powder\u2014air mixtures","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1179\/pom.2002.45.1.8","article-title":"Company Profile: tetronics: plasma processing holds key to consistent nanopowders","volume":"45","author":"Hull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Powder Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4087(200209)27:4<229::AID-PREP229>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Characterization of aluminum nanopowder compositions","volume":"27","author":"Kwok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Propellants Explos. Pyrotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0260","series-title":"Incendies Et Explosions De M\u00e9taux En Poudre","author":"Lodel","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mstc.2011.10.006","article-title":"Explosive characteristics of nanometer and micrometer aluminum-powder","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Min. Sci. Technol. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-013-0043-4","article-title":"Dust Explosion Characteristics of Aluminum, Titanium, Zinc, and Iron-Based Alloy Powders Used in Cold Spray Processing","volume":"23","author":"Sakata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2011.01.006","article-title":"Experiment-based investigations of magnesium dust explosion characteristics","volume":"24","author":"Kuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.04.121","article-title":"Inerting of magnesium dust cloud with Ar, N2 and CO2","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0285","series-title":"Investigation of Dust Explosion Phenomena in Interconnected Process Vessels, PhD Thesis","author":"Roser","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0290","series-title":"Gas, Dust, and Hybrid Explosions","author":"Baker","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(92)90100-4","article-title":"The combustion phase of burning metals","volume":"91","author":"Steinberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0300","series-title":"Combustion","author":"Glassman","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0305","series-title":"Pilling-Bedworth Ratio for Oxidation of Alloys","author":"Xu","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0310","first-page":"203","article-title":"The high temperature oxidation of metals","volume":"111","author":"Dunn","year":"1926","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1134\/S0010508215020045","article-title":"Combustion of nano aluminum particles (Review)","volume":"51","author":"Sundaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0320","series-title":"Combust. Gener. Fine Carbonaceous Part.","first-page":"289","article-title":"Particle inception and growth: experimental evidences and a modelling attempt","author":"D\u2019Anna","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0325","series-title":"Bistatic Radar","first-page":"193","article-title":"Scattering fundamentals","author":"Kostylev","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1062-2896(49)80024-9","article-title":"Factors affecting flame propagation through dust clouds","volume":"3","author":"Cassel","year":"1948","journal-title":"Symp. Combust. Flame Explos. Phenom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0335","series-title":"U.S.B. Of Mines, some fundamental aspects of dust flames","author":"Cassel","year":"1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(57)80081-2","article-title":"Radiative transfer in dust flames","volume":"6","author":"Cassel","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Symp. Diagn. Model. Combust. Intern. Combust. Engines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0345","series-title":"Dust Explosion Dynamics","author":"Ogle","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2017.05.011","article-title":"Thermal radiation in dust flame propagation","volume":"49","author":"Proust","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0355","first-page":"21","article-title":"Gaydon Alfred Gordon, Flame propagation through dust clouds of carbon, coal, aluminium and magnesium in an environment of zero gravity","volume":"385","author":"Ballal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Math. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(84)90081-6","article-title":"A thermal theory of laminar premixed dust flame propagation","volume":"58","author":"Ogle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00102208808924007","article-title":"Fundamental properties of flames propagating in starch dust-air mixtures","volume":"62","author":"Proust","year":"1988","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.026","article-title":"Flame propagation and combustion in some dust-air mixtures","volume":"19","author":"Proust","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(96)80019-1","article-title":"Burning velocities in fuel-rich aluminum dust clouds","volume":"26","author":"Goroshin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Symp. Diagn. Model. Combust. Intern. Combust. Engines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0380","series-title":"Contribution to Thermal Radiation to Dust Flame Propagation : Application to Aluminium Dust Explosions","author":"Ben Moussa","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063776115080063","article-title":"Influence of radiation absorption by microparticles on the flame velocity and combustion regimes","volume":"121","author":"Ivanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0390","series-title":"Effect of Carbon Black Nanoparticles on the Explosion Severity of Gas Mixtures","author":"Torrado","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.06.042","article-title":"Numerical study of the influence of particle reaction and radiative heat transfer on the flame velocity of gas\/nanoparticles hybrid mixtures","volume":"118","author":"Torrado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0400","article-title":"Light scattering by small particles","author":"Hulst","year":"1981","journal-title":"Courier Corporation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0405","series-title":"Scaling of Metal Dust Explosions","author":"van Wingerden","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0410","series-title":"Unknown Aspects of Metal Dust Explosions, in: American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)","author":"van Wingerden","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0415","series-title":"Lees\u2019 Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control","author":"Lees","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2008.08.013","article-title":"Metal particle combustion and nanotechnology","volume":"32","author":"Yetter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0425","series-title":"43rd AIAA Aerosp. Sci. Meet. Exhib","article-title":"Experimental investigation of aluminum particle dust Cloud combustion","author":"Risha","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0430","series-title":"Evaluation of Advanced Fuels for Underwater Propulsion","author":"Parr","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2008.07.018","article-title":"Effect of particle size on combustion of aluminum particle dust in air","volume":"156","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.08.103","article-title":"Combustion of bimodal nano\/micron-sized aluminum particle dust in air","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.035","article-title":"Determination of turbulent burning velocities of dust air mixtures with the open tube method","volume":"20","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2018.07.013","article-title":"Determination of aluminum-air burning velocities using PIV and Laser sheet tomography","volume":"37","author":"Lomba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2018.06.134","article-title":"Stabilized, flat iron flames on a hot counterflow burner","volume":"37","author":"McRae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2018.11.016","article-title":"Flame inhibition of aluminum dust explosion by NaHCO3 and NH4H2PO4","volume":"200","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2015.07.046","article-title":"Freely-propagating flames in aluminum dust clouds","volume":"162","author":"Julien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(03)00137-8","article-title":"Concentration profile of particles across a flame propagating through an iron particle cloud","volume":"134","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2008.01.004","article-title":"Correlations for flame speed and explosion overpressure of dust clouds inside industrial enclosures","volume":"21","author":"Silvestrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767_bib0480","series-title":"Esplosioni Di Polveri Organiche Naturali: Sviluppo Di Una Formula Empirica Per La Protezione Di Volumi Confinati Con Superfici Di Sfogo","author":"Tonetto","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389419307095?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389419307095?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T17:05:09Z","timestamp":1759597509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389419307095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0304389419307095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Course of explosion behaviour of metallic powders \u2013 From micron to nanosize","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.120767","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120767"}}