{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T02:35:11Z","timestamp":1794105311099,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T11:17:32Z","timestamp":1569323852000},"page":"121306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of illicit and prescribed neuropsychiatric drugs in three communities in Kentucky using wastewater-based epidemiology and Monte Carlo simulation for the estimation of associated uncertainties"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"384","author":[{"given":"Tara L.","family":"Croft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon A.","family":"Huffines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7832-2585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikram","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0005","series-title":"Sixth Wastewater Report Reveals Australians Spend Over $9.3 Billion a Year on Drugs","author":"Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.09.012","article-title":"Critical evaluation of methodology commonly used in sample collection, storage and preparation for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"1218","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6996","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01279","article-title":"Mining the chemical information on urban wastewater: monitoring human exposure to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers","volume":"52","author":"Been","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8162","DOI":"10.1021\/es5008388","article-title":"Population normalization with ammonium in wastewater-based epidemiology: application to illicit drug monitoring","volume":"48","author":"Been","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.032","article-title":"Analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater - is there an added value for law enforcement?","volume":"266","author":"Been","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.002","article-title":"Assessing geographical differences in illicit drug consumption \u2013 a comparison of results from epidemiological and wastewater data in Germany and Switzerland","volume":"161","author":"Been","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.1021\/es202447r","article-title":"Normalized diurnal and between-day trends in illicit and legal drug loads that account for changes in population","volume":"46","author":"Brewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14641","article-title":"Using wastewater-based analysis to monitor the legalized retail sales effects on cannabis consumption","author":"Burgard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/es302722f","article-title":"Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers","volume":"47","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0050","series-title":"Amphetamine Salts (Mixed Amphetamines)","author":"Department of Consumer Protection","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.325","article-title":"Estimating population exposure to phthalate esters in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"643","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.07.025","article-title":"Methamphetamine and ketamine use in major Chinese cities, a nationwide reconnaissance through sewage-based epidemiology","volume":"84","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0065","series-title":"Recent Changes in Europe\u2019s Cocaine Market: Results from an EMCDDA Trendspotter Study, December 2018","author":"European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0070","series-title":"Perspectives on Drugs: Wastewater Analysis and Drugs: a European Multi-city Study","author":"European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.249","article-title":"Metagenomics for the study of viruses in urban sewage as a tool for public health surveillance","volume":"618","author":"Fernandez-Cassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.175","article-title":"Estimation of the consumption of illicit drugs during special events in two communities in Western Kentucky, USA using sewage epidemiology","volume":"633","author":"Foppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05612","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology as a new tool for estimating population exposure to phthalate plasticizers","volume":"51","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mari\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.073","article-title":"Tracking narcotics consumption at a Southwestern U.S. University campus by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"359","author":"Gushgari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.101","article-title":"Illicit and pharmaceutical drug consumption estimated via wastewater analysis. Part B: placing back-calculations in a formal statistical framework","volume":"487","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0100","series-title":"KASPER Quaterly Threshold Analysis Report Second Quater","author":"Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0105","series-title":"County Profiles for Drug-related Inpatient Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits","author":"Kentucky Injury Prevention and Research Center","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0110","series-title":"Overdose Fatality Report","author":"Kentucky Office of Drug Control Policy","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0115","series-title":"The Potential of Wastewater Testing for Rapid Assessment of Opioid Abuse","author":"Keshaviah","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.05.009","article-title":"Refined sewer epidemiology mass balances and their application to heroin, cocaine and ecstasy","volume":"37","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.05.042","article-title":"Refining the estimation of illicit drug consumptions from wastewater analysis: co-analysis of prescription pharmaceuticals and uncertainty assessment","volume":"45","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.207","article-title":"Spatial variations in the consumption of illicit stimulant drugs across Australia: a nationwide application of wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"568","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0135","series-title":"Ed.), Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Estimation of Community Consumption of Drugs and Diets","first-page":"119","article-title":"Application of wastewater-based epidemiology in China from wastewater monitoring to drug control efforts","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.126","article-title":"Five-year monitoring of 19 illicit and legal substances of abuse at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant in Barcelona (NE Spain) and estimation of drug consumption patterns and trends","volume":"609","author":"Mastroianni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0145","series-title":"Kentucky Drug Threat Assessment","author":"National Drug Intelligence Center","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0150","series-title":"Opioids Summary by States","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.003","article-title":"A National Wastewater Monitoring Program for a better understanding of public health: a case study using the Australian Census","volume":"122","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1021\/es403251g","article-title":"A model to estimate the population contributing to the wastewater using samples collected on census day","volume":"48","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.10.002","article-title":"Analysis of drugs of abuse and their human metabolites in water by LC-MS2: a non-intrusive tool for drug abuse estimation at the community level","volume":"27","author":"Postigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.005","article-title":"Monitoring the hepatitis A virus in urban wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Prado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0175","series-title":"The Average Cost of Illegal Street Drugs","author":"RehabCenter.net","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.05.044","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure","volume":"121","author":"Rousis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0185","series-title":"Monitoring","author":"Sewage Analysis Core Group in Europe","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.060","article-title":"Contamination profiles, mass loadings, and sewage epidemiology of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs in wastewater and river waters from a community in the Midwestern United States","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Skees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0195","series-title":"Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Estimation of Community Consumption of Drugs and Diets","first-page":"79","article-title":"Uncertainties associated with the wastewater-based epidemiology for the estimation of rates of drug consumption","author":"Subedi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0200","series-title":"Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Estimation of Community Consumption of Drugs and Diets","first-page":"3","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology as a complementary approach to the conventional survey-based approach for the estimation of community consumption of drugs","author":"Subedi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6661","DOI":"10.1021\/es501709a","article-title":"Mass loading and removal of select illicit drugs in two wastewater treatment plants in New York State and estimation of illicit drug usage in communities through wastewater analysis","volume":"48","author":"Subedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.09.031","article-title":"Mass loading and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including psychoactive and illicit drugs and artificial sweeteners, in five sewage treatment plants in India","volume":"3","author":"Subedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02538","article-title":"Use of mobile device data to better estimate dynamic population size for wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"51","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.069","article-title":"Comparing illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis","volume":"432","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0225","series-title":"HHS Acting Secretary Declares Public Health Emergency to Address National Opioid Crisis","author":"U. S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0230","series-title":"World Drug Report","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/d29e3f27-en","author":"United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0235","series-title":"Quick Facts","author":"United States Census Bureau","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0240","series-title":"Drug Labs in the United States: National Clandestine Laboratory Register Data","author":"United States Drug Enforcement Agency","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.04.030","article-title":"The stability of illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater, an important issue for sewage epidemiology?","volume":"239\u2013240","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.12.006","article-title":"Sewage epidemiology \u2013 a real-time approach to estimate the consumption of illicit drugs in Brussels, Belgium","volume":"37","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0255","series-title":"Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Estimation of Community Consumption of Drugs and Diets","first-page":"187","article-title":"Assessing the potential to monitor plant-based diet trends in communities using wastewater-based epidemiology approach","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.426","article-title":"Applying a population model based on hydrochemical parameters in wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"657","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.214","article-title":"Estimating nicotine consumption in eight cities using sewage epidemiology based on ammonia nitrogen equivalent population","volume":"590\u2013591","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Hazardous Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389419312609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0304389419312609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T17:16:07Z","timestamp":1759598167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0304389419312609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0304389419312609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3894","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of illicit and prescribed neuropsychiatric drugs in three communities in Kentucky using wastewater-based epidemiology and Monte Carlo simulation for the estimation of associated uncertainties","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hazardous Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121306","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121306"}}