{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:18:59Z","timestamp":1790893139401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,18]],"date-time":"2005-10-18T20:49:23Z","timestamp":1129668563000},"page":"1078-1088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["The pruritus of cholestasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nora V.","family":"Bergasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04328-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of itching","volume":"348","author":"Greaves","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib2","unstructured":"Aoki T. Pleasure of \u2018scratch\u2019 is a complex sensation of itch and pain. In: second international workshop for hte study of itch, Toyama; 2003. p. 11."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib3","first-page":"115","article-title":"Subpopulations of \u2018nocifensor neurons\u2019 contributing to pain and allodynia, itch and alloknesis","volume":"1","author":"LaMotte","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Pain Soc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-20-08003.1997","article-title":"Specific c-receptrs for itch in human skin","volume":"17","author":"Schmelz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/82924","article-title":"Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch","volume":"4","author":"Andrew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.15.5.901","article-title":"Unilateral neurogenic pruritus following stroke","volume":"15","author":"Massey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660350127028","article-title":"Unilateral pruritus after a stroke","volume":"123","author":"Shapiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb00869.x","article-title":"Paroxysmal itching in multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Osterman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09116.x","article-title":"The incidence of pruritus after epidural morphine","volume":"44","author":"Ballantyne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198507000-00002","article-title":"The effects of naloxone associated with the intrathecal use of morphine in labor","volume":"64","author":"Dailey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91227-6","article-title":"Effects of central administration of opioids on facial scratching in monkeys","volume":"585","author":"Thomas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-10-03086.1986","article-title":"The medullary dorsal horn: a target for the expression of opiate effects on the perceived internsity of noxious heat","volume":"6","author":"Oliveras","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00871-M","article-title":"Microinjection of morphine into the rat medullary dorsal horn produces a dose-dependent increase in facial scratching","volume":"695","author":"Thomas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.2.616","article-title":"Superficial dorsal horn neurons identified by intracutaneous histamine: chemonociceptive responses and modulation by morphine","volume":"84","author":"Jinks","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6658.1241","article-title":"Plama methionine enkephalin concentration and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"297","author":"Thornton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80471-4","article-title":"Cholestasis in the male rat is associated with naloxone-reversible antinociception","volume":"20","author":"Bergasa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(92)90040-V","article-title":"Central mu-opioid receptors are down-regulated in a rat model of cholestasis","volume":"15","author":"Bergasa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110526","article-title":"The pruritus of cholestasis: from bile acids to opiate agonists","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib19","first-page":"G346","article-title":"Cholestasis is associated with preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the adult rat liver","volume":"268","author":"Bergasa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2002.01458.x","article-title":"Hepatic Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity is enhanced in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"22","author":"Bergasa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6662.1501","article-title":"Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"297","author":"Thornton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013104423154","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in brain tumors: roles of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"20","author":"Regina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01640-8","article-title":"Uptake and efflux of the peptidic delta-opioid receptor agonist","volume":"301","author":"Dagenais","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib24","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Peptide transport systems for opiates across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"259","author":"Banks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.2.212","article-title":"Painful stimuli evoke itch in patients with chronic pruritus: central sensitization for itch","volume":"62","author":"Ikoma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078193.64949.08","article-title":"Active \u2018itch fibers\u2019 in chronic pruritus","volume":"61","author":"Schmelz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.061101","article-title":"The role of central mu opioid receptors in opioid-induced itch in primates","volume":"310","author":"Ko","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.044909","article-title":"Activation of kappa-opioid receptors inhibits pruritus evoked by subcutaneous or intrathecal administration of morphine in monkeys","volume":"305","author":"Ko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01588-6","article-title":"Antipruritic activity of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, TRK-820","volume":"435","author":"Togashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/82924","article-title":"Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch","volume":"4","author":"Andrew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.11.1475","article-title":"Neurophysiology of pruritus: interaction of itch and pain","volume":"139","author":"Ikoma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90102-5","article-title":"A controlled trial of naloxone infusions for the pruritus of chronic cholestasis","volume":"102","author":"Bergasa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-3-199508010-00001","article-title":"Naloxone ameliorates the pruritus of cholestasis: results of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Bergasa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270307","article-title":"Open label trial of oral nalmefene therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis","volume":"27","author":"Bergasa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70117-9","article-title":"Oral nalmefene therapy reduces scratching activity due to the pruritus of cholestasis: a controlled study","volume":"41","author":"Bergasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4797.1289","article-title":"Testosterone therapy for the pruritus of obstructive jaundice","volume":"2","author":"Lloyd-Thomas","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5946.693","article-title":"Pruritic effect of bile salts","volume":"4","author":"Kirby","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1974.01630050024005","article-title":"Pruritus induced by crude bile and purified bile acids. Experimental production of pruritus in human skin","volume":"109","author":"Varadi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018868126743","article-title":"Adjuvant cholylsarcosine during ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Ricci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib40","first-page":"787","article-title":"Transport of glutathione conjugates and glucuronides by the multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2","volume":"378","author":"Keppler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.082201.100300","article-title":"Bile salt transporters","volume":"64","author":"Meier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12208","article-title":"Identification of a human nuclear receptor defines a new signaling pathway for CYP3A induction","volume":"95","author":"Bertilsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14581","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010173200","article-title":"Nuclear receptor response elements mediate induction of intestinal MDR1 by rifampin","volume":"276","author":"Geick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109326200","article-title":"Regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2) by the nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X-activated receptor, and constitutive androstane receptor","volume":"277","author":"Kast","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00483-X","article-title":"The expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 genes: a tangle of networks of nuclear and steroid receptors","volume":"1619","author":"Pascussi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20324","article-title":"Nuclear receptors and drug disposition gene regulation","volume":"94","author":"Tirona","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib47","unstructured":"Sherlock S, Dooley J. Cholestasis. In: Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 9th ed. London: Blackwell; 1991. p. 214\u201335."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(03)00134-4","article-title":"Natural history of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis","author":"Talwalkar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80098-1","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical expression of the histopathological lesions of primary biliary cirrhosis. UDCA-PBC group","volume":"30","author":"Poupon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199004000-00012","article-title":"Failure of rifampin to relieve pruritus in chronic liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Woolf","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018865809556","article-title":"Pruritus in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"42","author":"Lebovics","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70072-9","article-title":"Pruritus as a symptom of hepatitis C","volume":"30","author":"Fisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026646017851","article-title":"Pruritus as a presenting symptom of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"43","author":"Chia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50055","article-title":"Effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system in hepatitis C virus-related intractable pruritus","volume":"9","author":"Doria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90797-6","article-title":"Scratching during sleep","volume":"ii","author":"Savin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb06495.x","article-title":"Further studies of scratching during sleep","volume":"93","author":"Savin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib57","first-page":"400","article-title":"Application of piezo film technology for the quantitative assessment of pruritus","volume":"25","author":"Talbot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biomed Instrum Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.2001.46.5.137","article-title":"Pruritometer 2: portable recording system for the quantification of scratching as objective criterion for the pruritus","volume":"46","author":"Bijak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed Tech (Berlin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.1996.41.9.248","article-title":"Pruritometer 1: portable measuring system for quantifying scratching as an objective measure of cholestatic pruritus","volume":"41","author":"Stein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomed Tech (Berlin)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02430.x","article-title":"A controlled trial of ondansetron in the pruritus of cholestasis","volume":"21","author":"O'Donohue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(66)80071-9","article-title":"Cholestyramine for long term relief of the pruritus complicating intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"50","author":"Datta","year":"1966","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib62","first-page":"541","article-title":"Use of colesevelam hydrochloride (welchol) as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of refractory pruritus in chronic liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Berg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01050.x","article-title":"Effect of cholestyramine on plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide levels, and exocrine pancreatic secretion","volume":"18","author":"Koop","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1589765","article-title":"Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolished morphine analgesia","volume":"256","author":"Wiertelak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib65","first-page":"P-202","article-title":"Cholestyramine (Q) induces cholecystokinin (CCK)-mediated antiopiate neurotransmission (tone) and the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55, 212-2 (W) increases nociception threshold in cholestatic rats: implications for the treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis","volume":"122","author":"Gingold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.3.291","article-title":"Role of plasmapheresis in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92938-4","article-title":"Treatment of pruritus of cholestasis by plasma perfusion through USP-charcoal-coated glass beads","volume":"2","author":"Lauterburg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib68","first-page":"403","article-title":"Plasmaperfusion for the treatment of intractable pruritus of cholestasis","volume":"53","author":"Lauterburg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.01.048","article-title":"Plasmapheresis for the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy refractory to medical treatment","volume":"192","author":"Warren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2005.02.002","article-title":"Therapy of intractable pruritus with MARS","volume":"37","author":"Acevedo Ribo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.30204.x","article-title":"Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"99","author":"Pares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2002.00015.x","article-title":"Extracorporal albumin dialysis (MARS) improves cholestasis and normalizes low apo A-I levels in a patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC)","volume":"22","author":"Sturm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33332","article-title":"Partial external biliary diversion for intractable pruritus and xanthomas in Alagille syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Emerick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200002000-00011","article-title":"Long-term outcome after partial external biliary diversion for intractable pruritus in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"30","author":"Ng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0630065","article-title":"Bile acid profiles of human serum and skin interstitial fluid and their relationship to pruritus studied by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"63","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1979.04010110058029","article-title":"Relief of intractable pruritus with naloxone","volume":"115","author":"Bernstein","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib77","first-page":"696","article-title":"Naloxone infusions for management of intractable pruritus in cholestatic liver transplant candidates","volume":"24","author":"IIagan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9322521","article-title":"Oral naltrexone treatment for cholestatic pruritus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"113","author":"Wolfhagen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib79","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Pilot study of the use of naltrexone to treat the severe pruritus of cholestatic liver disease","volume":"91","author":"Carson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00318-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Terg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91196-7","article-title":"Naltrexone and hepatotoxicity","volume":"i","author":"Mitchell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011127","article-title":"Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence","volume":"345","author":"Krystal","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4797.1289","article-title":"Testosterone therapy for the pruritus of obstructive jaundice","volume":"2","author":"Lloyd-Thomas","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70225-3","article-title":"Florid opioid withdrawal-like reaction precipitated by naltrexone in a patient with chronic cholestasis","volume":"118","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/95.8.547","article-title":"Opiate antagonist therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis: the avoidance of opioid withdrawal-like reactions","volume":"95","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib86","series-title":"The pharmacologica basis of therapeutics","first-page":"521","article-title":"Opioid analgesics and antagonists","author":"Reisine","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib87","first-page":"203","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of transnasal butorphanol for postoperative pain control following lower laparoscopic surgery","volume":"42","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/030006057800600506","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of butorphanol tartrate and meperidine hydrochloride in balanced anaesthesia","volume":"6","author":"Stehling","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1156","article-title":"Butorphanol (stadol): a study in problems of current drug information and control","volume":"48","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-3-310","article-title":"Phenobarbital effects in cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"82","author":"Bloomer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80625-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of long-term phenobarbital therapy of familial cholestasis","volume":"93","author":"Ghent","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91608-5","article-title":"Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis","volume":"1","author":"Bachs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90335-V","article-title":"Effects of long-term rifampicin administration in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Bachs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90442-8","article-title":"Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Results of a double-blind, crossover, randomized trial","volume":"94","author":"Ghent","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.043026","article-title":"Human organic anion transporting polypeptide-C (SLC21A6) is a major determinant of rifampin-mediated pregnane X receptor activation","volume":"304","author":"Tirona","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197605132942008","article-title":"Rifampin-induced methadone withdrawal","volume":"294","author":"Kreek","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308307","article-title":"Rifampicin-induced elevation of serum bile acids in man","volume":"25","author":"Galeazzi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.3.436","article-title":"Hepatitis and liver dysfunction with rifampicin therapy for pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"50","author":"Prince","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209095978","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"192","author":"Berg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2004.0996.x","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Zapata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200201000-00023","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: review of the literature","volume":"57","author":"Mullally","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surviv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib102","first-page":"122","article-title":"S-adenosylmethionine for the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Results of a controlled clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Frezza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91250-A","article-title":"Oral S-adenosylmethionine in the symptomatic treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"99","author":"Frezza","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16906.x","article-title":"Serotonin and nociception","volume":"600","author":"Richardson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91178-O","article-title":"Improvement of cholestatic pruritus by ondansetron","volume":"341","author":"Schworer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199810000-00010","article-title":"Treatment of pruritus in chronic liver disease with the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor type 3 antagonist ondansetron: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial","volume":"10","author":"Muller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00145-5","article-title":"Relief of cholestatic pruritus by a novel class of drugs: 5- hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists: effectiveness of ondansetron","volume":"61","author":"Schworer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/j.0001-6349.2004.00556.x","article-title":"Cholestasis of pregnancy, pruritus and 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonists","volume":"83","author":"Schumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05852.x","article-title":"Preliminary observation with dronabinol in patients with intractable pruritus secondary to cholestatic liver disease","volume":"97","author":"Neff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib110","first-page":"328 A","article-title":"The remedy for intractable cholestatic related pruritus (ICRP): delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Marinol)","volume":"30","author":"Neff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00668-4","article-title":"The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55, 212-2 increases nociception threshold in cholestatic rats: implications for the treatment of the pruritus of cholestasis","volume":"73","author":"Gingold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib112","series-title":"Physicians' desk reference","author":"Gabapentin","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)90011-7","article-title":"Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Backonja","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1999.tb00890.x","article-title":"Gabapentin treatment for brachioradial pruritus","volume":"13","author":"Bueller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib115","first-page":"81","article-title":"Itching as a manifestation of noncutaneous disease","volume":"22","author":"Bernhard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hosp Pract (Off Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08662.x","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of sertraline as a treatment for cholestatic pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"98","author":"Browning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199204000-00004","article-title":"Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus induced by epidural and intrathecal morphine","volume":"76","author":"Borgeat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90858-A","article-title":"Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus associated with liver disese","volume":"104","author":"Borgeat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterlogy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90055-X","article-title":"Intravenous lignocaine for relief of intractable itch","volume":"1","author":"Watson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib120","series-title":"Circadian clocks and their readjustments","first-page":"88","article-title":"Organization of the mammalian circadian system","author":"Moore","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03778.x","article-title":"Pilot study of bright-light therapy reflected toward the eyes for the pruritus of chronic liver disease","volume":"96","author":"Bergasa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00297.x","article-title":"Flumecinol for the treatment of pruritus associated with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.1999.01968.x","article-title":"Case report: oral antioxidant therapy for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Watson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6622.607","article-title":"Effect of stanozolol on itching in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"296","author":"Walt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06498.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of pruritus with topical tacrolimus in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"152","author":"Aguilar-Bernier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827805006124?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827805006124?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T10:25:38Z","timestamp":1586514338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827805006124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168827805006124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}}}