{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:27:45Z","timestamp":1791822465945,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,8]],"date-time":"2006-11-08T12:30:00Z","timestamp":1162989000000},"page":"160-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":401,"title":["Occult hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Raimondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Pollicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Squadrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection \u2013 natural history and clinical consequences","volume":"350","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4481","article-title":"Structural organization of the hepatitis B virus minichromosome","volume":"307","author":"Bock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.09.017","article-title":"Sustained HBs seroconversion during lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil combination therapy for lamivudine failure","volume":"42","author":"Maynard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21282","article-title":"Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"44","author":"Wursthorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.12.015","article-title":"New insight on hepatitis B virus persistence from the study of intrahepatic viral cccDNA","volume":"42","author":"Zoulim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.17.6608","article-title":"Identification and transmission of hepatitis B virus-related variant","volume":"83","author":"Wands","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.18.5675","article-title":"Monoclonal radioimmunoassays for hepatitis B surface antigen: demonstration of hepatitis B virus DNA or related sequences in serum and viral epitopes in immune complexes","volume":"79","author":"Shafritz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.4.2671-2676.1994","article-title":"Naturally occurring escape mutants of hepatitis B virus with various mutations in the S gene in carriers seropositive for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen","volume":"68","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib9","first-page":"273","article-title":"A unique insertion in the S gene of surface antigen-negative hepatitis B virus Chinese carriers","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260640","article-title":"The prevalence of surface antigen variants of hepatitis B virus in Papua New guinea, South Africa and Sardinia","volume":"26","author":"Carman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00317.x","article-title":"Molecular, immunological and clinical properties of mutated hepatitis B viruses","volume":"6","author":"Kreutz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.6407","article-title":"Reactivity of 13 in vitro expressed hepatitis B surface antigen variants in 7 commercial diagnostic assays","volume":"31","author":"Ireland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.32710","article-title":"Characterization of two hepatitis B virus populations isolated from a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient","volume":"35","author":"Jeantet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20119","article-title":"Cloning and expression of surface antigens from occult chronic hepatitis B virus infections and their recognition by commercial detection assays","volume":"73","author":"Jeantet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.003","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic liver disease full-length genome and analysis of mutant surface promoter","volume":"127","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20748","article-title":"Functional analysis of hepatitis B virus reactivating in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative individuals","volume":"42","author":"Hass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.4.1836-1842.1991","article-title":"Naturally occurring missense mutation in the polymerase gene terminating hepatitis B virus replication","volume":"65","author":"Blum","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(05)80005-8","article-title":"Clinical impact of occult HBV infections","volume":"34","author":"Chemin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25172","article-title":"Persistent hepatitis B virus infection in subjects without hepatitis B surface antigen: clinically significant or purely \u201coccult\u201d?","volume":"34","author":"Brechot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.28708","article-title":"Prevalence of naturally occurring surface gene variants of hepatitis B virus in nonimmunized surface antigen-negative Chinese carriers","volume":"34","author":"Hou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907013410104","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease","volume":"341","author":"Cacciola","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.048","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus maintains its pro-oncogenic properties in the case of occult HBV infection","volume":"126","author":"Pollicino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib23","unstructured":"Pollicino T, Raffa G, Costantino L, Lisa A, Campello C, Squadrito G, et al. Molecular and functional analysis of occult hepatitis B virus isolates from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90623-3","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis B related viral infection in renal transplant recipients","volume":"94","author":"Degos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90934-2","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus as source of infection in liver transplant recipients","volume":"343","author":"Chazouilleres","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197806222982502","article-title":"Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"298","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Japanese Red Cross, Hepatitis n\u2013n, Group. R. Effect of screening for hepatitis C virus antibody and hepatitis B virus core antibody on incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1991;338:1040\u20131.","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91901-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199501270-00014","article-title":"The risk of transmission of hepatitis B from HBsAg(\u2212), HBcAb(+), HBIgM(\u2212) organ donors","volume":"59","author":"Wachs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352871","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B by transplantation of livers from donors positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"113","author":"Dickson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-96-4-447","article-title":"Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by cancer chemiotherapy","volume":"96","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198812000-00006","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection associated with HIV-1 infection","volume":"2","author":"Waite","year":"1988","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(89)90012-3","article-title":"Recurrence of hepatitis B in children with serologic evidence of past hepatitis B virus infection undergoing antileukemic chemiotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Grumayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90599-G","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy","volume":"100","author":"Lok","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterolgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)70034-U","article-title":"Redevelopment of hepatitis B surface antigen after renal transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Marcellin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118902","article-title":"Long-lasting memory T-cell responses following self-limited acute hepatitis B","volume":"98","author":"Penna","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1096-1104","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus persists for decades after patients\u2019 recovery from acute viral hepatitis despite active maintenance of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response","volume":"10","author":"Rehermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.825","article-title":"Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection","volume":"284","author":"Guidotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.65","article-title":"Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response","volume":"19","author":"Guidotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00296-9","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis B virus enhancer 1 and 2 by hepatitis C virus core protein","volume":"37","author":"Schuttler","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204241200","article-title":"Mechanisms for inhibition of hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication by hepatitis C virus core protein","volume":"278","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.10.5823-5832.1993","article-title":"Suppression of hepatitis B virus expression and replication by hepatitis C virus core protein in HuH-7 cells","volume":"67","author":"Shih","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.289","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication during schistosoma mansoni infection in transgenic mice","volume":"192","author":"Mc Clary","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.001","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus replication is regulated by the acetylation status of hepatitis B virus cccDNA-bound H3 and H4 histones","volume":"130","author":"Pollicino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203209","article-title":"HBV transcription repression in response to genotoxic stress is p53-dependent and abrogated by pX","volume":"18","author":"Doitsh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(00)80362-X","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"32","author":"Raimondo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00345-6","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B","volume":"2","author":"Torbenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2002.00344.x","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib48","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with idiopathic liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20073","article-title":"Hepatitis B infection of the liver in chronic hepatitis C without detectable hepatitis B virus DNA in serum","volume":"73","author":"Mariscal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50171","article-title":"Long-term histologic and virologic outcomes of acute self-limited hepatitis B","volume":"37","author":"Yuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.018","article-title":"Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy","volume":"126","author":"Werle-Lapostolle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25225","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection: a hidden menace?","volume":"34","author":"Conjeevaram","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib53","series-title":"Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus","first-page":"39","article-title":"In Ground squirrel hepatitis virus","author":"Marion","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090321","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks: presence of viral DNA in tumor tissue from chronic carriers and animals serologically recovered from acute infections","volume":"9","author":"Korba","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290329","article-title":"Occult lifelong persistence of infectious hepadnavirus and residual liver inflammation in woodchucks convalescent from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"29","author":"Michalak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5048","article-title":"Persistence of infectious hepadnavirus in the offspring of woodchuck mothers recovered from viral hepatitis","volume":"104","author":"Coffin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.1730-1738.2004","article-title":"Low doses of hepadnavirus induce infection of the lymphatic system that does not engage the liver","volume":"78","author":"Michalak","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199907)58:3<201::AID-JMV3>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Serologically silent hepatitis B virus coinfection in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated chronic liver disease: clinical and virological significance","volume":"58","author":"Fukuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199804)54:4<249::AID-JMV3>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA is frequently found in liver biopsy samples from hepatitis C virus-infected chronic hepatitis patients","volume":"54","author":"Koike","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199708)52:4<399::AID-JMV10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus is frequently coinfected with serum marker-negative hepatitis B virus: probable replication promotion of the former by the latter as demonstrated by in vitro cotransfection","volume":"52","author":"Uchida","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02063934","article-title":"Evidence for hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C with and without serological markers of hepatitis B","volume":"40","author":"Villa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Digest Diseases Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00100-8","article-title":"High incidence of hepatitis B infections among chronic hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology","volume":"34","author":"Chemin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.3.429","article-title":"Pathological and virological findings in patients with persistent hypertransaminasaemia of unknown aetiology","volume":"47","author":"Berasain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170403","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver is commonly found in Chinese patients with chronic liver disease despite the presence of antibodies to HBsAg","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20025","article-title":"High prevalence of occult hepatitis B in Baltimore injection drug users","volume":"39","author":"Torbenson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20075","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of occult hepatitis B viral infection in hemophilia patients in Japan","volume":"73","author":"Toyoda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib67","first-page":"327","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"19","author":"Siagris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9421-9","article-title":"Is hepatitis C virus positivity a contributing factor to occult hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients?","author":"Kanbay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Digest Diseases Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i21.3420","article-title":"Prevalence of occult HBV infection in haemodialysis patients with chronic HCV","volume":"12","author":"Goral","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02501.x","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in dialysis patients: a multicentre survey","volume":"21","author":"Fabrizi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20435","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a North American adult hemodialysis patient population","volume":"40","author":"Minuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00457-9","article-title":"Occult HBV infection and YMDD variants in hemodialysis patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"38","author":"Besisik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200210180-00024","article-title":"Lack of \u2019occult\u2019 hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients","volume":"16","author":"Nunez","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01584356","article-title":"Frequent chronic hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen only. Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32037-X","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B in Mexican patients with HIV, an analysis using nested polymerase chain reaction","volume":"5","author":"Torres-Baranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000232232.41877.2a","article-title":"Impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV patients naive for antiretroviral therapy","volume":"20","author":"Filippini","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.04.003","article-title":"High risk of occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-positive patients from South Africa","volume":"35","author":"Mphahlele","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2005.21.922","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection before and 1 year after start of HAART in HIV type 1-positive patients","volume":"21","author":"Pogany","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1086\/427882","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients with isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen: Aquitaine cohort, 2002-2003","volume":"40","author":"Neau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0868-0","article-title":"Frequent occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"22","author":"Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200402200-00028","article-title":"Serological pattern \u2019anti-hepatitis B core alone\u2019 in HIV or hepatitis C virus-infected patients is not fully explained by hepatitis B surface antigen mutants","volume":"18","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.10.4.718-720.2003","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA in sera of blood donors and of patients infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"10","author":"Goncales","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200004010-00013","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus seroconversion in HIV-HBV coinfected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"23","author":"Piroth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.11.015","article-title":"Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"Puoti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.01.003","article-title":"Time-dependent events in natural history of occult hepatitis B virus infection: the importance of population-based long-term follow-up study with repeated measurements","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0042-9007.2004.00406.x","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection: implications in transfusion","volume":"86","author":"Allain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vox sanguinis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.11.037","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a North American community-based population","volume":"42","author":"Minuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib88","article-title":"Prevalence of occult HBV infection among subjects with normal serum ALT levels in Korea","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.01.018","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell donors in a hepatitis B virus endemic area","volume":"42","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90067-D","article-title":"Post-transfusion fulminant hepatitis B after screening for hepatitis B virus core antibody","volume":"339","author":"Yoshiba","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1990.30590296376.x","article-title":"Posttransfusion hepatitis B transmitted by blood from a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis B virus carrier","volume":"30","author":"Larsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1979.19680104098.x","article-title":"Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis","volume":"19","author":"Tabor","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92891-7","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects","volume":"2","author":"Thiers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7232.403","article-title":"Prospective investigation of transfusion transmitted infection in recipients of over 20 000 units of blood. TTI Study Group","volume":"320","author":"Regan","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7176.95","article-title":"Acute hepatitis B infection associated with blood transfusion in England and Wales, 1991\u20137: review of database","volume":"318","author":"Soldan","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.016","article-title":"Transmission of occult hepatitis B virus by transfusion to adult and pediatric recipients in Taiwan","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80232-7","article-title":"Post-transfusion hepatitis type B following multiple transfusions of HBsAg-negative blood","volume":"25","author":"Saraswat","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2002.35783","article-title":"Use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors for liver transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Munoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80416-3","article-title":"De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Roche","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.12.041","article-title":"Risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus from anti-HBC positive cadaveric organ donors: a collaborative study","volume":"37","author":"De Feo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.4.1127","article-title":"Hepatitis viruses and hematopoietic cell transplantation: a guide to patient and donor management","volume":"93","author":"Strasser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.001","article-title":"Report of the monothematic EASL conference on liver transplantation for viral hepatitis (Paris, France, January 12\u201314, 2006)","volume":"45","author":"Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2001.067001045.x","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis virus infection and severe liver dysfunction in patients receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies","volume":"67","author":"Kawatani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199809150-00012","article-title":"Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc","volume":"66","author":"Dhedin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib105","first-page":"207","article-title":"Fatal hepatitis B reactivation after autologous bone marrow transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Webster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80017-2","article-title":"Reactivation of hepatitis B in a long-term anti-HBs-positive patient with AIDS following lamivudine withdrawal","volume":"29","author":"Altfeld","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91347-0","article-title":"Clinical reactivation of hepatitis B in anti-HBs-positive patients with AIDS","volume":"1","author":"Vento","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200303000-00018","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reactivation after kidney transplantation and new onset lymphoma","volume":"36","author":"Larghi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hs.2003.09.013","article-title":"Subclinical reactivation of hepatitis B virus in liver transplant recipients with past exposure","volume":"9","author":"Abdelmalek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20858","article-title":"Clinical reactivation after liver transplantation with an unusual minor strain of hepatitis B virus in an occult carrier","volume":"12","author":"Zollner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-05-1403","article-title":"Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation by an escape mutant following rituximab therapy","volume":"102","author":"Westhoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440120","article-title":"Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab","volume":"344","author":"Dervite","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.45.1590","article-title":"Anti-HBs-positive liver failure due to hepatitis B virus reactivation induced by rituximab","volume":"45","author":"Sera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Internal Med (Tokyo, Japan)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2004.00375.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus reactivation and alemtuzumab therapy","volume":"74","author":"Iannitto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib115","unstructured":"Madonia S, Orlando A, Scimeca D, Olivo M, Rossi F, Cottone M. Occult hepatitis B and infliximab-induced HBV reactivation. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000151661.52601.FB","article-title":"Progressive disappearance of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody and reverse seroconversion after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with previous hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"79","author":"Onozawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.015","article-title":"Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Hui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116950","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis","volume":"93","author":"Michalak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270526","article-title":"Persistent viremia after recovery from self-limited acute hepatitis B","volume":"27","author":"Yotsuyanagi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80134-8","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus after acute self-limited infection persisting for 30 years without sequence variation","volume":"33","author":"Blackberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70913-2","article-title":"What is the clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection?","volume":"365","author":"Raimondo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80305-X","article-title":"Individuals with antibodies against hepatitis B core antigens as the only serological marker for hepatitis B infection: high percentage of carriers of hepatitis B and C virus","volume":"23","author":"Jilg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.36026","article-title":"Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1057","article-title":"HCV genotype and \u201csilent\u201d HBV coinfection: two main risk factors for a more severe liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Sagnelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)02164-X","article-title":"The impact of previous HBV infection on the course of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"95","author":"De Maria","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21702","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients","volume":"106","author":"Squadrito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80311-6","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA in sera and liver tissue of HBsAg negative patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"33","author":"Kazemi-Shirazi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199704)51:4<313::AID-JMV9>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Relevance of inapparent coinfection by hepatitis B virus in alpha interferon-treated patients with hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Zignego","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2090","article-title":"Isolated anti-HBc in chronic hepatitis C predicts a poor response to interferon treatment","volume":"65","author":"Sagnelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01098.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus with X gene mutations is associated with the majority of serologically \u201csilent\u201d non-b, non-c chronic hepatitis","volume":"40","author":"Fukuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.016","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: old and new paradigms","volume":"127","author":"Brechot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209557","article-title":"Southern Europe as an example of interaction between various environmental factors: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence","volume":"25","author":"Donato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110293051807","article-title":"Integration of hepatitis B virus DNA into the genome of liver cells in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies in percutaneous liver biopsies and post-mortem tissue specimens","volume":"305","author":"Shafritz","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.6.3906","article-title":"State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative liver diseases","volume":"78","author":"Brechot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007123230202","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction to detect hepatitis B virus DNA and RNA sequences in primary liver cancers from patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen","volume":"323","author":"Paterlini","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170106","article-title":"Persistence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral genomes in primary liver cancers from HBsAg-negative patients: a study of a low-endemic area","volume":"17","author":"Paterlini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib137","first-page":"313","article-title":"Selective accumulation of the X transcript of hepatitis B virus in patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Paterlini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91523-7","article-title":"Hepatitis C and B viruses in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"103","author":"Sheu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250141","article-title":"Presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen is associated with an excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma among non-Asians in Los Angeles County, California","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.1998.7420129.x","article-title":"Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV infection, with or without past HBV infection, and relationship to age at the time of transfusion","volume":"74","author":"Kubo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vox sanguinis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280130","article-title":"Sero-clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen in chronic carriers does not necessarily imply a good prognosis","volume":"28","author":"Huo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2004.tb03240.x","article-title":"Role of hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis in alcoholics","volume":"28","author":"Yotsuyanagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcoholism Clin Exper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310232","article-title":"Latent hepatitis B virus infection in healthy individuals with antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen","volume":"31","author":"Marusawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00364-9","article-title":"Overview of the pathogenesis, prophylaxis and therapeusis of viral hepatitis B, with focus on reduction to practical applications","volume":"19","author":"Hilleman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0079","article-title":"Towards global control of liver cancer?","volume":"8","author":"Stuver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Seminars Cancer Biol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827806005770?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827806005770?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T23:33:51Z","timestamp":1587252831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827806005770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168827806005770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.10.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}