{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:35:14Z","timestamp":1789994114235,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journal-of-hepatology.eu","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,16]],"date-time":"2016-09-16T01:05:46Z","timestamp":1473987946000},"page":"S33-S45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"special_numbering":"S","title":["HCV epidemiology in high-risk groups and the risk of reinfection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"H\u00e5vard","family":"Midgard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Palmateer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Vincent","family":"Lo Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"Dalgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews","volume":"378","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.107","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection","volume":"10","author":"Hajarizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12247","article-title":"Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries","volume":"21","author":"Bruggmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12948","article-title":"Estimating the number of people with hepatitis C virus who have ever injected drugs and have yet to be diagnosed: an evidence synthesis approach for Scotland","volume":"110","author":"Prevost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit306","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Aspinall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1007","article-title":"Determinants of hepatitis C virus treatment completion and efficacy in drug users assessed by meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Dimova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32836381cc","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection incidence and treatment outcome among HIV-positive MSM","volume":"27","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12370","article-title":"Continued low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based cohort of inner city residents","volume":"34","author":"Alavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12129","article-title":"Uptake of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs attending Needle and Syringe Programs in Australia, 1999\u20132011","volume":"21","author":"Iversen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit264","article-title":"Moving the agenda forward: the prevention and management of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs","volume":"57","author":"Grebely","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.014","article-title":"Excluding people who use drugs or alcohol from access to hepatitis C treatments \u2013 Is this fair, given the available data?","volume":"63","author":"Grebely","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000216","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention in people who inject drugs: testing the evidence","volume":"28","author":"Hickman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0065","series-title":"United Nations office on drugs and crime. Word drug report 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230410001645600","article-title":"Heroin users in Australia: population trends","volume":"23","author":"Kaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2011.20.14.878","article-title":"Drug policy, intravenous drug use, and heroin addiction in the UK","volume":"20","author":"Geraghty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03432.x","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of hepatitis C virus","volume":"17","author":"Lavanchy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000940","article-title":"Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European Region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association","volume":"142","author":"Hope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103345","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Wiessing","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26387","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C in prisons and other closed settings: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Larney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502163320707","article-title":"Management of occupational exposures to blood-borne viruses","volume":"332","author":"Gerberding","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1086\/497131","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatitis C virus transmission to health care workers after occupational exposure: a European case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01543.x","article-title":"Occupational transmission of hepatitis C in healthcare workers and factors associated with seroconversion: UK surveillance data","volume":"19","author":"Tomkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03765.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of hepatitis C seroconversion in relation to shared syringes and drug preparation equipment","volume":"107","author":"Pouget","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.014","article-title":"Modelling the prevalence of HCV amongst people who inject drugs: an investigation into the risks associated with injecting paraphernalia sharing","volume":"133","author":"Corson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.08.006","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of the association between self-reported sharing of needles\/syringes and hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence among people who inject drugs in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Palmateer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832bd7c9","article-title":"A situation update on HIV epidemics among people who inject drugs and national responses in South-East Asia Region","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.021","article-title":"The relationship between age and risky injecting behaviours among a sample of Australian people who inject drugs","volume":"132","author":"Horyniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302959","article-title":"Reduction in Needle Sharing Among Seattle-Area Injection Drug Users Across 4 Surveys, 1994\u20132013","volume":"106","author":"Burt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0145","series-title":"Public Health England. Shooting Up: Infections among people who inject drugs in the UK, 2014. An update, November 2015","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000242824.59377.53","article-title":"Decline in HIV incidence and injecting, but not in sexual risk behaviour, seen in drug users in Amsterdam: a 19-year prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Lindenburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0054-4","article-title":"Change in HIV-HCV risk-taking behavior and seroprevalence among opiate users seeking treatment over an 11-year period and harm reduction policy","volume":"16","author":"Fatseas","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104515","article-title":"Rapid decline in HCV incidence among people who inject drugs associated with national scale-up in coverage of a combination of harm reduction interventions","volume":"9","author":"Palmateer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000299","article-title":"Self-reported testing, HIV status and associated risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Europe: important differences between East and West","volume":"28","author":"Uuskula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12117","article-title":"Risk of transmission associated with sharing drug injecting paraphernalia: analysis of recent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using cross-sectional survey data","volume":"21","author":"Palmateer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0175","unstructured":"Harm Reduction International. What is harm reduction? Available from: http:\/\/wwwihranet\/what-is-harm-reduction."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02888.x","article-title":"Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews","volume":"105","author":"Palmateer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.07.001","article-title":"Interventions to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness","volume":"25","author":"MacArthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x","article-title":"Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users","volume":"102","author":"Van Den Berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x","article-title":"The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence","volume":"106","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir196","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs","volume":"204","author":"Hagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0205","series-title":"Scottish Government. Hepatitis C action plan for Scotland. Phase II: May 2008\u2013March 2011","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0210","series-title":"Guidance on prevention of viral hepatitis B and C among people who inject drugs","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0215","series-title":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0220","series-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Needle and syringe programmes","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2","article-title":"HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage","volume":"375","author":"Mathers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq112","article-title":"Changes in blood-borne infection risk among injection drug users","volume":"203","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03932.x","article-title":"Can needle and syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings","volume":"107","author":"Vickerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit296","article-title":"Combination interventions to prevent HCV transmission among people who inject drugs: modeling the impact of antiviral treatment, needle and syringe programs, and opiate substitution therapy","volume":"57","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26431","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus treatment for prevention among people who inject drugs: Modeling treatment scale-up in the age of direct-acting antivirals","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049360","article-title":"Heterosexual and homosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus: relation with hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"107","author":"Corona","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)91128-2","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in sexually active homosexual men","volume":"29","author":"Buchbinder","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0260","first-page":"118","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in a large cohort of homosexually active men: independent associations with HIV-1 infection and injecting drug use but not sexual behaviour","volume":"72","author":"Bodsworth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c11a5","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an emerging sexually transmitted infection","volume":"24","author":"van de Laar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182716e59","article-title":"Hepatitis C infection among men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2011","volume":"39","author":"Raymond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12198","article-title":"Differences in hepatitis C virus prevalence and clearance by mode of acquisition among men who have sex with men","volume":"21","author":"Seaberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1130","article-title":"Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus and its relation with hepatitis B virus and HIV","volume":"301","author":"Tor","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145323","article-title":"Anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies amongst Italian homo-bisexual males","volume":"8","author":"Ricchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0290","first-page":"213","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in a male homosexual cohort: risk factor analysis","volume":"72","author":"Ndimbie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu315","article-title":"Higher risk of incident hepatitis C virus coinfection among men who have sex with men, in whom the HIV genetic bottleneck at transmission was wide","volume":"210","author":"Kouyos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.020388","article-title":"Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in a prospective cohort study of men who have sex with men","volume":"95","author":"Alary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.11.015","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-HIV co-infection in a community sample of gay and bisexual men","volume":"13","author":"Myers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e5631","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: an expanding epidemic","volume":"23","author":"Urbanus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.038182","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C in homosexual men: data from two cohorts of HIV-negative and HIV-positive men in Sydney, Australia","volume":"86","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.008532","article-title":"Increased numbers of acute hepatitis C infections in HIV positive homosexual men; is sexual transmission feeding the increase?","volume":"80","author":"Browne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.10.05.00535-en","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C infection in HIV positive men who have sex with men in Paris, France, 2001\u20132004","volume":"10","author":"Gambotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000174930.64145.a9","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus among HIV-positive homosexual men and response to a 24-week course of pegylated interferon and ribavirin","volume":"40","author":"Gilleece","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000171412.61360.f8","article-title":"A cluster of acute hepatitis C virus infection among men who have sex with men\u2013results from contact tracing and public health implications","volume":"19","author":"Gotz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/431486","article-title":"Unsafe sex and increased incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Rauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.021493","article-title":"Increase in hepatitis C virus incidence in HIV-1-infected patients followed up since primary infection","volume":"82","author":"Ghosn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.018366","article-title":"Behavioural predictors of subsequent hepatitis C diagnosis in a UK clinic sample of HIV positive men who have sex with men","volume":"82","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1086\/518796","article-title":"Increase in HCV incidence among men who have sex with men in Amsterdam most likely caused by sexual transmission","volume":"196","author":"van de Laar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027334","article-title":"Increase in diagnosed newly acquired hepatitis C in HIV-positive men who have sex with men across London and Brighton, 2002\u20132006: is this an outbreak?","volume":"84","author":"Giraudon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1086\/533454","article-title":"Sexual transmission of hepatitis C in MSM may not be confined to those with HIV infection","volume":"197","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9503-0","article-title":"Risk factors for syphilis and prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C among men who have sex with men in Beijing, China: implications for HIV prevention","volume":"13","author":"Ruan","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq201","article-title":"Incident hepatitis C virus infection among US HIV-infected men enrolled in clinical trials","volume":"52","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471cce","article-title":"The hepatitis C epidemic among HIV-positive MSM: incidence estimates from 1990 to 2007","volume":"25","author":"van der Helm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06014-11","article-title":"Recent hepatitis C virus infections in HIV-infected patients in Taiwan: incidence and risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis694","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infections in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: a rapidly evolving epidemic","volume":"55","author":"Wandeler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit197","article-title":"Incident hepatitis C virus infection in men who have sex with men: a prospective cohort analysis, 1984\u20132011","volume":"57","author":"Witt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000044","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for incident Hepatitis C infection among men who have sex with men with HIV-1 infection in a large Urban HIV clinic in Tokyo","volume":"65","author":"Nishijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050566","article-title":"Incidence of acute hepatitis C virus infection among men who have sex with men with and without HIV infection: a systematic review","volume":"88","author":"Yaphe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.006","article-title":"Evidence of a large, international network of HCV transmission in HIV-positive men who have sex with men","volume":"136","author":"van de Laar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835c2120","article-title":"Sexually transmitted hepatitis C infection: the new epidemic in MSM?","volume":"26","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0420","first-page":"945","article-title":"Centers for disease, control prevention, sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among HIV-infected men who have sex with men\u2013New York City, 2005\u20132010","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281053a0c","article-title":"Recent epidemic of acute hepatitis C virus in HIV-positive men who have sex with men linked to high-risk sexual behaviours","volume":"21","author":"Danta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/10550880903014726","article-title":"Comparison of substance use and risky sexual behavior among a diverse sample of urban, HIV-positive men who have sex with men","volume":"28","author":"Hatfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017781","article-title":"Trouble with bleeding: risk factors for acute hepatitis C among HIV-positive gay men from Germany\u2013a case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029322","article-title":"Gaining greater insight into HCV emergence in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: the HEPAIG Study","volume":"6","author":"Larsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-2-189","article-title":"Hepatitis C and sex","volume":"16","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.059","article-title":"Viral kinetics in hepatitis C or hepatitis C\/human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"128","author":"Sherman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02435-1","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus in the semen of infected men","volume":"356","author":"Leruez-Ville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10295","article-title":"Intermittent detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen from men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HCV","volume":"69","author":"Pasquier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000189847.98569.2d","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin","volume":"19","author":"Briat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000528","article-title":"Risk factors for HCV acquisition among HIV-positive MSM in Belgium","volume":"68","author":"Apers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051928","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and correlates of seropositivity among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"91","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw075","article-title":"Can Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment as Prevention Reverse the HCV Epidemic Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United Kingdom? Epidemiological and Modeling Insights","volume":"62","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050802061673","article-title":"An \u2019elephant in the room\u2019? Stigma and hepatitis C transmission among HIV-positive \u2019serosorting\u2019 gay men","volume":"10","author":"Owen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F21","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834bac44","article-title":"Alarming incidence of hepatitis C virus re-infection after treatment of sexually acquired acute hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected MSM","volume":"25","author":"Lambers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0409-0","article-title":"Injecting drug use among gay and bisexual men in Sydney: prevalence and associations with sexual risk practices and HIV and hepatitis C infection","volume":"17","author":"Lea","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000558","article-title":"Effects of a social network HIV\/STD prevention intervention for MSM in Russia and Hungary: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Amirkhanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24371","article-title":"Protective immune response to hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees rechallenged following clearance of primary infection","volume":"33","author":"Bassett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1086\/496889","article-title":"Protection against chronic hepatitis C virus infection after rechallenge with homologous, but not heterologous, genotypes in a chimpanzee model","volume":"192","author":"Prince","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08435-0","article-title":"Protection against persistence of hepatitis C","volume":"359","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000163947.24059.68","article-title":"Sexually transmitted reinfection with a new hepatitis C genotype during pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy","volume":"19","author":"den Hollander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21376","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection in injection drug users","volume":"44","author":"Grebely","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2006.00812.x","article-title":"High incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection within a cohort of injecting drug users","volume":"14","author":"Micallef","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22534","article-title":"High incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection in a cohort of injecting drug users","volume":"48","author":"Aitken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1086\/605947","article-title":"Acute hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injection drug users: a prospective study of incident infection, resolution, and reinfection","volume":"200","author":"Page","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.017","article-title":"Spontaneous control of primary hepatitis C virus infection and immunity against persistent reinfection","volume":"138","author":"Osburn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181ba41e2","article-title":"Re-emergent hepatitis C viremia after apparent clearance in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: reinfection or late recurrence?","volume":"53","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23885","article-title":"Frequent multiple hepatitis C virus infections among injection drug users in a prison setting","volume":"52","author":"Pham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080216","article-title":"High rates of hepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection in people who inject drugs: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv220","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection and Spontaneous Clearance of Reinfection-the InC3 Study","volume":"212","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12127","article-title":"Multiple hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfections in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: no influence of HCV genotype switch or interleukin-28B genotype on spontaneous clearance","volume":"15","author":"Ingiliz","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70010-5","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus clearance, reinfection, and persistence, with insights from studies of injecting drug users: towards a vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Grebely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.040","article-title":"Progress in the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for hepatitis C virus","volume":"54","author":"Torresi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005632","article-title":"Lessons from nature: understanding immunity to HCV to guide vaccine design","volume":"12","author":"Freeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000049487","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in injecting drug users: 5 years\u2019 follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Dalgard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1086\/425361","article-title":"Infrequent reinfection after successful treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users","volume":"39","author":"Backmund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.011","article-title":"A prospective study to examine persistent HCV reinfection in injection drug users who have previously cleared the virus","volume":"93","author":"Currie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06238.x","article-title":"Reinfection with hepatitis C virus following sustained virological response in injection drug users","volume":"25","author":"Grebely","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0610","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Low incidence of reinfection with the hepatitis C virus following treatment in active drug users in Amsterdam","volume":"24","author":"Grady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24754","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection and superinfection among treated and untreated participants with recent infection","volume":"55","author":"Grebely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit327","article-title":"Directly observed pegylated interferon plus self-administered ribavirin for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in people actively using drugs: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Hilsden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.07.006","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection after sustained virological response in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"71","author":"Pineda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.001","article-title":"Hepatitis C reinfection after sustained virological response","volume":"64","author":"Midgard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.012","article-title":"Hepatitis C reinfection following treatment induced viral clearance among people who have injected drugs","volume":"165","author":"Weir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06295.x","article-title":"High prevalence of late relapse and reinfection in prisoners treated for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"25","author":"Bate","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.03.008","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection among prisoners with sustained virological response after treatment for chronic hepatitis C","volume":"59","author":"Marco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu695","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody dynamics following acute HCV infection and reinfection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men","volume":"59","author":"Vanhommerig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000834","article-title":"Incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men","volume":"29","author":"Hagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0660","unstructured":"Martin TC, Ingiliz P, Rodger A, Stellbrink HJ, Mauss S, Boesecke C, et al. HCV reinfection incidence and outcomes among HIV-infected MSM in Western Europe. EASL International Liver Congress 2016 Barcelona, April 13\u201317, 2016 Abstract PS006 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis213","article-title":"The more you look, the more you find: effects of hepatitis C virus testing interval on reinfection incidence and clearance and implications for future vaccine study design","volume":"205","author":"Vickerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1197","article-title":"Many hepatitis C reinfections that spontaneously clear may be undetected: Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis of observational study data","volume":"12","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit301","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus reinfection following treatment among people who use drugs","volume":"57","author":"Grady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.36","article-title":"Mixed HCV infection and reinfection in people who inject drugs\u2013impact on therapy","volume":"12","author":"Cunningham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067073","article-title":"Sequencing of the hepatitis C virus: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Jacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalgard O. Follow-up studies of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users. CID, 2005.","DOI":"10.1086\/427449"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-10-199605150-00002","article-title":"Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes determined by line probe assay in patients with chronic hepatitis C seen at tertiary referral centers in the United States. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group","volume":"124","author":"Lau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20212","article-title":"Change in hepatitis C virus genotype in injecting drug users","volume":"74","author":"Aitken","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00592.x","article-title":"Detection of multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes in a cohort of injecting drug users","volume":"12","author":"Bowden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21145","article-title":"Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among injecting drug users in contact with treatment centers in Belgium, 2004\u20132005","volume":"80","author":"Micalessi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.04.022","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotype among Italian injection drug users-relation to period of injection started","volume":"45","author":"Sereno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1086\/424491","article-title":"Frequent hepatitis C virus superinfection in injection drug users","volume":"190","author":"Herring","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.05.027","article-title":"Frequent HCV reinfection and superinfection in a cohort of injecting drug users in Amsterdam","volume":"51","author":"van de Laar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27192","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing sheds light on the natural history of hepatitis C infection in patients who fail treatment","volume":"61","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00264-0","article-title":"Multiple infections with different HCV genotypes: prevalence and clinical impact","volume":"27","author":"Schroter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit541","article-title":"Sequence analysis of hepatitis C virus from patients with relapse after a sustained virological response: relapse or reinfection?","volume":"209","author":"Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir076","article-title":"Sustained virologic response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a cure and so much more","volume":"52","author":"Pearlman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ948","article-title":"Risk of late relapse or reinfection with hepatitis C virus after achieving a sustained virological response: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.003","article-title":"Injecting risk behaviours following treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: The Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C","volume":"26","author":"Alavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(15)30077-5","article-title":"HCV reinfection in phase 3 studies of sofosbuvir","volume":"62","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0765","unstructured":"Dore GJ, Altice FL, Litwin AH, Dalgard O, Gane EJ, Shibolet O, et al. Elbasvir and grazoprevir in persons with HCV receiving opioid agonist therapy (C-EDGE CO-STAR). 66th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Boston, MA Nov 13\u201317 2015, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0770","unstructured":"Quintana R, Neukam K, Viciana P, Ojeda-Burgos G, Delgado-Fern\u00e1ndez M, R\u00edos MJ. No evidence of acute hepatitis C virus infection outbreak among HIV-infected patients from Southern Spain. National Conference of the Group for the Study of Viral Hepatitis (GEHEP) of SEIMC 24\u201326 September 2015, Vigo, Spain Abstract OR-10 Available at AIDS Rev (Suppl) 2015;17: 9 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.08.002","article-title":"Behavioural interventions for preventing hepatitis C infection in people who inject drugs: a global systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Sacks-Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit300","article-title":"Injection drug use and hepatitis C virus infection in young adult injectors: using evidence to inform comprehensive prevention","volume":"57","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit271","article-title":"Models of care for the management of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: one size does not fit all","volume":"57","author":"Bruggmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit329","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus vaccines among people who inject drugs","volume":"57","author":"Cox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12842","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention among injecting drug users: who should we cure first?","volume":"110","author":"de Vos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.025","article-title":"EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2015","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0805","unstructured":"AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Adults Infected With Hepatitis C Virus. URL:http:\/\/www.hcvguidelines.org. Accessed: 2016-06-20. (Archived by WebCite\u00ae at http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6iPAiC0wA)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.07.005","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs","volume":"26","author":"Grebely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0815","unstructured":"Razavi H, Grebely J, Wilson DJ, , Estes C, Dore GJ. Modeling the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment as prevention among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Australia. 4th International Symposium on Hepatitis Care in Substance Users (INHSU 2015), Sydney, Australia, Oct 7\u20139, 2015 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27403","article-title":"The impact of injecting networks on hepatitis C transmission and treatment in people who inject drugs","volume":"60","author":"Hellard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109282","article-title":"Intimate injection partnerships are at elevated risk of high-risk injecting: a multi-level longitudinal study of HCV-serodiscordant injection partnerships in San Francisco, CA","volume":"9","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.006","article-title":"Hepatitis C transmission and treatment as prevention \u2013 The role of the injecting network","volume":"26","author":"Hellard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827816303361?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827816303361?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T12:15:21Z","timestamp":1657282521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827816303361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168827816303361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HCV epidemiology in high-risk groups and the risk of reinfection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}