{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:17:13Z","timestamp":1791429433474,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal-of-hepatology.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T02:05:09Z","timestamp":1606788309000},"page":"686-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["New insights into HDV persistence: The role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0013-3685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.5.931","article-title":"Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B","volume":"155","author":"Fattovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01353.x","article-title":"Natural history and treatment of chronic delta hepatitis","volume":"17","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.3.420","article-title":"Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep)","volume":"46","author":"Fattovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.058","article-title":"Pathogenesis of and new therapies for hepatitis D","volume":"156","author":"Koh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.008","article-title":"Outcome of chronic delta hepatitis in Italy: a long-term cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Niro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.052","article-title":"A\u00a028-year study of the course of hepatitis delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"136","author":"Romeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1323628","article-title":"Clinical features of hepatitis D","volume":"32","author":"Farci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316601","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz633","article-title":"Estimating the global prevalence, disease progression, and clinical outcome of hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"221","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)31437-9","article-title":"Endogenous and exogenous IFN responses suppress HDV persistence during proliferation of hepatocytes in\u00a0vitro","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314713","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus persists during liver regeneration and is amplified through cell division both in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"68","author":"Giersch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2015.00018","article-title":"Hepatitis B and delta virus: advances on studies about interactions between the two viruses and the infected hepatocyte","volume":"3","author":"Giersch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01758-07","article-title":"Transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA by RNA polymerase II","volume":"82","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.8.3920-3927.2002","article-title":"Rolling circle replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA is carried out by two different cellular RNA polymerases","volume":"76","author":"Macnaughton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.010","article-title":"The human RNA polymerase II interacts with the terminal stem-loop regions of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome","volume":"357","author":"Greco-Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2019.10.009","article-title":"Stimulation of innate immunity by host and viral RNAs","volume":"40","author":"Streicher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.45","article-title":"Viral evasion of intracellular DNA and RNA sensing","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8774","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.22.8774","article-title":"Structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis delta virus","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/323558a0","article-title":"The hepatitis delta (delta) virus possesses a circular RNA","volume":"323","author":"Kos","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5742","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00430-14","article-title":"Envelope proteins derived from naturally integrated hepatitis B virus DNA support assembly and release of infectious hepatitis delta virus particles","volume":"88","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02007","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02007-17","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA integration occurs early in the viral life cycle in an in\u00a0vitro infection model via sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide-dependent uptake of enveloped virus particles","volume":"92","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10211-2","article-title":"Recapitulation of HDV infection in a fully permissive hepatoma cell line allows efficient drug evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Lempp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46493-1","article-title":"Generation and characterization of a stable cell line persistently replicating and secreting the human hepatitis delta virus","volume":"9","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan0241","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan0241","article-title":"RNAi-based treatment of chronically infected patients and chimpanzees reveals that integrated hepatitis B virus DNA is a source of HBsAg","volume":"9","author":"Wooddell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21896","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans","volume":"46","author":"Schulze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28013","article-title":"A\u00a0targeted functional RNA interference screen uncovers glypican 5 as an entry factor for hepatitis B and D viruses","volume":"63","author":"Verrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058340","article-title":"Proteoglycans act as cellular hepatitis delta virus attachment receptors","volume":"8","author":"Lamas Longarela","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.024","article-title":"Hepatitis B and D viruses exploit sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide for species-specific entry into hepatocytes","volume":"146","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.013","article-title":"The hepatitis delta virus: replication and pathogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Sureau","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.8.3709-3719.2002","article-title":"Parameters of human hepatitis delta virus genome replication: the quantity, quality, and intracellular distribution of viral proteins and RNA","volume":"76","author":"Gudima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7659","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.12.7659-7662.1993","article-title":"Isoprenylation mediates direct protein-protein interactions between hepatitis large delta antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen","volume":"67","author":"Hwang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.1.366-372.1993","article-title":"Role of the large hepatitis B virus envelope protein in infectivity of the hepatitis delta virion","volume":"67","author":"Sureau","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02277-06","article-title":"Assembly of hepatitis delta virus: particle characterization, including the ability to infect primary human hepatocytes","volume":"81","author":"Gudima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104812","article-title":"Current knowledge on hepatitis delta virus replication","volume":"179","author":"Lucifora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.126","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus: insights into a peculiar pathogen and novel treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Lempp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.016","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the entry inhibitor myrcludex B: first results of a phase Ib\/IIa study","volume":"65","author":"Bogomolov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3390\/v9070172","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus: replication strategy and upcoming therapeutic options for a neglected human pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Lempp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.04.004","article-title":"Virus entry and its inhibition to prevent and treat hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus infections","volume":"30","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00074-2","article-title":"Oral prenylation inhibition with lonafarnib in chronic hepatitis D infection: a proof-of-concept randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2A trial","volume":"15","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29658","article-title":"Optimizing lonafarnib treatment for the management of chronic delta hepatitis: the LOWR HDV-1 study","volume":"67","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)30224-1","article-title":"Final results of a multicenter, open-label phase 2b clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of Myrcludex B in combination with Tenofovir in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"68","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30058-1","article-title":"End of study results from LIMT HDV study: 36% durable virologic response at 24 weeks post-treatment with pegylated interferon lambda monotherapy in patients with chronic HDV infection","volume":"70","author":"Etzion","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91789-2","article-title":"Liver transplantation in hepatitis delta virus disease","volume":"2","author":"Rizzetto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90404-9","article-title":"Patterns of hepatitis delta virus reinfection and disease in liver transplantation","volume":"101","author":"Ottobrelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210211","article-title":"Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Samuel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.016","article-title":"Rapid early HDV RNA decline in the peripheral blood but prolonged intrahepatic hepatitis delta antigen persistence after liver transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Mederacke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.010","article-title":"Persistent hepatitis D virus mono-infection in humanized mice is efficiently converted by hepatitis B virus to a productive co-infection","volume":"60","author":"Giersch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90911-T","article-title":"Smouldering hepatitis B virus replication in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatitis delta virus superinfection","volume":"12","author":"Colombo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24758","article-title":"Humanized chimeric uPA mouse model for the study of hepatitis B and D virus interactions and preclinical drug evaluation","volume":"55","author":"Lutgehetmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.10.4292-4297.1989","article-title":"Cloned hepatitis delta virus cDNA is infectious in the chimpanzee","volume":"63","author":"Sureau","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.10.006","article-title":"HDV RNA replication is associated with HBV repression and interferon-stimulated genes induction in super-infected hepatocytes","volume":"136","author":"Alfaiate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80457-4","article-title":"Chronic HDV (hepatitis delta virus) hepatitis. Intrahepatic expression of delta antigen, histologic activity and outcome of liver disease","volume":"6","author":"Negro","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100098","article-title":"TNF-alpha inhibition ameliorates HDV-induced liver damage in a mouse model of acute severe infection","volume":"2","author":"Usai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.010","article-title":"A\u00a0new HDV mouse model identifies mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) as a key player in IFN-beta induction","volume":"67","author":"Suarez-Amaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.2.1052-1058.1994","article-title":"Expression of the hepatitis delta virus large and small antigens in transgenic mice","volume":"68","author":"Guilhot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.8.4880-4887.1995","article-title":"Transgenic mice support replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in multiple tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle","volume":"69","author":"Polo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.011","article-title":"Hepatitis delta co-infection in humanized mice leads to pronounced induction of innate immune responses in comparison to HBV mono-infection","volume":"63","author":"Giersch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.02.021","article-title":"Hepatitis D virus replication is sensed by MDA5 and induces IFN-beta\/lambda responses in hepatocytes","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2006.00723.x","article-title":"Cytotoxic CD4 T cells in viral hepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Aslan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.035","article-title":"Hepatitis D virus-specific CD8(+) T cells have a memory-like phenotype associated with viral immune escape in patients with chronic hepatitis D virus infection","volume":"156","author":"Kefalakes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.003","article-title":"Mutations in hepatitis D virus allow it to escape detection by CD8(+) T cells and evolve at the population level","volume":"156","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.3.2241-2251.1997","article-title":"Human CD4+ T-cell response to hepatitis delta virus: identification of multiple epitopes and characterization of T-helper cytokine profiles","volume":"71","author":"Nisini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw514","article-title":"The third signal cytokine interleukin 12 rather than immune checkpoint inhibitors contributes to the functional restoration of hepatitis D virus-specific T cells","volume":"215","author":"Schirdewahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy549","article-title":"Detection of a broad range of low-level major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted, hepatitis delta virus (HDV)-specific T-cell responses regardless of clinical status","volume":"219","author":"Landahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0845-y","article-title":"Hepatitis delta: virological and clinical aspects","volume":"14","author":"Botelho-Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006750117","article-title":"Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent Proechimys semispinosus","volume":"117","author":"Paraskevopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00014","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00014-19","article-title":"Identification of a novel deltavirus in Boa Constrictors","volume":"10","author":"Hetzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120720","article-title":"A\u00a0divergent hepatitis D-like agent in birds","volume":"10","author":"Wille","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vez021","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vez021","article-title":"Novel hepatitis D-like agents in vertebrates and invertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10117-z","article-title":"Enveloped viruses distinct from HBV induce dissemination of hepatitis D virus in\u00a0vivo","volume":"10","author":"Perez-Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib73","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for hdv exposure in apparently non-HBV-infected patients","author":"Chemin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib74","first-page":"jiaa517","article-title":"No evidence of HCV-assisted HDV propagation in a large cohort of hepatitis C positive blood donors","author":"Cappy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13385","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus propagation enabled by hepatitis C virus-scientifically intriguing, but is it relevant to clinical practice?","volume":"28","author":"Pfluger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008033430506","article-title":"Innate immunity","volume":"343","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602000","article-title":"Innate control of adaptive immunity: beyond the three-signal paradigm","volume":"198","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i30.2980","article-title":"Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.01.012","article-title":"Incoming RNA virus nucleocapsids containing a 5'-triphosphorylated genome activate RIG-I and antiviral signaling","volume":"13","author":"Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.044","article-title":"HBV bypasses the innate immune response and does not protect HCV from antiviral activity of interferon","volume":"154","author":"Mutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the host response to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.034","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus does not interfere with innate immune responses in the human liver","volume":"154","author":"Suslov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004840","article-title":"Hepatitis D virus infection of mice expressing human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap9328","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9328","article-title":"Preclinical assessment of antiviral combination therapy in a genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Winer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30815","article-title":"Analysis of host responses to hepatitis B and delta viral infections in a micro-scalable hepatic co-culture system","volume":"71","author":"Winer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05745-w","article-title":"Nuclear-resident RIG-I senses viral replication inducing antiviral immunity","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00778","article-title":"Sources of type I interferons in infectious immunity: plasmacytoid dendritic cells not always in the driver's seat","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030666","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles deliver host and virus RNA and regulate innate immune response","volume":"18","author":"Kouwaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.005","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and infected cells form an interferogenic synapse required for antiviral responses","volume":"25","author":"Assil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.010","article-title":"Short-range exosomal transfer of viral RNA from infected cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggers innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Dreux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10050","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01692-16","article-title":"Cell-cell sensing of viral infection by plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"90","author":"Webster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib94","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from hepatitis-D virus infected cells induce a proinflammatory cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03946-9","article-title":"Both interferon alpha and lambda can reduce all intrahepatic HDV infection markers in HBV\/HDV infected humanized mice","volume":"7","author":"Giersch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022415","article-title":"Interferon impedes an early step of hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI135616","article-title":"Diminished hepatic IFN response following HCV clearance triggers HBV reactivation in coinfection","volume":"130","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22654","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling","volume":"49","author":"Pugnale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9728","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.17.9728-9731.2003","article-title":"Susceptibility of human hepatitis delta virus RNAs to small interfering RNA action","volume":"77","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.6.3281-3287.1993","article-title":"Ribonucleoprotein complexes of hepatitis delta virus","volume":"67","author":"Ryu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00443-14","article-title":"Hepatitis delta antigen requires a flexible quasi-double-stranded RNA structure to bind and condense hepatitis delta virus RNA in a ribonucleoprotein complex","volume":"88","author":"Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.5.2879-2888.1994","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis delta virus RNA deletions: cis and trans requirements for self-cleavage, ligation, and RNA packaging","volume":"68","author":"Lazinski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401133300202","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a","volume":"330","author":"Farci","year":"1994","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3281","article-title":"Automated nucleic acid isolation methods for HDV viral load quantification can lead to viral load underestimation","volume":"24","author":"Bremer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib105","first-page":"967","article-title":"Standard and pegylated interferon therapy of HDV infection: a systematic review and meta- analysis","volume":"17","author":"Alavian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21325","article-title":"Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up","volume":"44","author":"Castelnau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000603","article-title":"Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis","volume":"10","author":"Gunsar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12788","article-title":"Long-term therapy of chronic delta hepatitis with peginterferon alfa","volume":"40","author":"Heller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix656","article-title":"Interferon treatment duration in patients with chronic delta hepatitis and its effect on the natural course of the disease","volume":"217","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0912696","article-title":"Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta","volume":"364","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27102","article-title":"Late HDV RNA relapse after peginterferon alpha-based therapy of chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"60","author":"Heidrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30663-7","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis D (HIDIT-II): a randomised, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib113","first-page":"3","article-title":"A\u00a0review on hepatitis D: from virology to new therapies","volume":"17","author":"Mentha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib114","first-page":"CD006002","article-title":"Interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis D","volume":"2011","author":"Abbas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.04993.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: antiviral treatment for hepatitis D","volume":"35","author":"Triantos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.009","article-title":"Sequencing of the hepatitis D virus RNA WHO international standard","volume":"90","author":"Pyne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib117","series-title":"Collaborative Study to Establish a World Health Organization International Standard for Hepatitis D Virus RNA for Nucleic Acid Amplification Technique (NAT)-Based Assays","author":"Chudy","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28772","article-title":"First international external quality assessment for hepatitis delta virus RNA quantification in plasma","volume":"64","author":"Le Gal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01891-17","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions within HLA-B\u221727-restricted T cell epitopes prevent recognition by hepatitis delta virus-specific CD8(+) T cells","volume":"92","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.017","article-title":"Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"126","author":"Farci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28876","article-title":"Antiviral treatment and liver-related complications in hepatitis delta","volume":"65","author":"Wranke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13366","article-title":"Ten-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial in chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"27","author":"Wranke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1613-1622.2005","article-title":"Efficient inhibition of hepatitis B virus infection by acylated peptides derived from the large viral surface protein","volume":"79","author":"Gripon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.090","article-title":"Mapping of the hepatitis B virus attachment site by use of infection-inhibiting preS1 lipopeptides and tupaia hepatocytes","volume":"129","author":"Glebe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.008","article-title":"The entry inhibitor Myrcludex-B efficiently blocks intrahepatic virus spreading in humanized mice previously infected with hepatitis B virus","volume":"58","author":"Volz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)30651-6","article-title":"48 weeks of high dose (10 mg) bulevirtide as monotherapy or with peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"73","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3151","article-title":"Targeting protein prenylation for cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Berndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)30464-6","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 study exploring once daily dosing of ritonavir boosted lonafarnib for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis \u2013 end of study results from the LOWR HDV-3 study","volume":"66","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(17)30310-0","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 dose-escalation study of lonafarnib plus ritonavir in patients with chronic hepatitis D: final results from the Lonafarnib with ritonavir in HDV-4 (LOWR HDV-4) study","volume":"66","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(18)30397-0","article-title":"Subanalysis of the LOWR HDV-2 study reveals high response rates to Lonafarnib in patients with low viral loads","volume":"68","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156667","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of nucleic acid polymers in monotherapy and combined with immunotherapy in treatment-naive Bangladeshi patients with HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"11","author":"Al-Mahtab","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.02.009","article-title":"Inhibition of HBsAg secretion by nucleic acid polymers in HepG2.2.15cells","volume":"164","author":"Blanchet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00156","article-title":"Rep 2139: antiviral mechanisms and applications in achieving functional control of HBV and HDV infection","volume":"5","author":"Vaillant","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104853","article-title":"Characterization of the antiviral effects of REP 2139 on the HBV lifecycle in\u00a0vitro","volume":"183","author":"Boulon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0179697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179697","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B viral entry by nucleic acid polymers in HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Guillot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01416","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01416-17","article-title":"Nucleic acid polymers are active against hepatitis delta virus infection in\u00a0vitro","volume":"92","author":"Beilstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21312","article-title":"Interleukin-29 uses a type 1 interferon-like program to promote antiviral responses in human hepatocytes","volume":"44","author":"Doyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2005.04.003","article-title":"Biological activity of interleukins-28 and -29: comparison with type I interferons","volume":"31","author":"Meager","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000017","article-title":"IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in\u00a0vivo","volume":"4","author":"Sommereyns","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02079-16","article-title":"Expression of Ifnlr1 on intestinal epithelial cells is critical to the antiviral effects of interferon lambda against norovirus and reovirus","volume":"91","author":"Baldridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.022","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized phase 2b study of peginterferon lambda-1a for the treatment of chronic HCV infection","volume":"61","author":"Muir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.12.018","article-title":"Peginterferon lambda for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomized phase 2b study (LIRA-B)","volume":"64","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib143","first-page":"496A","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pegylated interferon lambda monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection. Interim results from the LIMT HDV study","volume":"66","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(20)30774-1","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 study of peginterferon lambda, lonafarnib and ritonavir for 24 weeks: end-of-treatment results from the LIFT HDV study","volume":"73","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30288-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of REP 2139 and pegylated interferon alfa-2a for treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus co-infection (REP 301 and REP 301-LTF): a non-randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"2","author":"Bazinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib146","first-page":"440A","article-title":"Ongoing analysis of virologic control\/functional cure of HBV and HDV infection following REP 2139-Ca and pegylated interferon alpha-2a therapy in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection: 3.5-year follow-up results from the REP 301-LTF study","volume":"70","author":"Bazinet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib147","article-title":"A\u00a0phase 2 study of lonafarnib, ritonavir and peginterferon lambda for 24 weeks: interim end-of-treatment results from the LIFT HDV study","author":"Koh","year":"2019","journal-title":"AASLD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30141-0","article-title":"Final results of a multicenter, open-label phase 2 clinical trial (MYR203) to assess safety and efficacy of myrcludex B in cwith PEG-interferon Alpha 2a in patients with chronic HBV\/HDV co-infection","volume":"70","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032_bib149","first-page":"176A","article-title":"Synergistic suppression of HDV persistence in\u00a0vitro by co-treatment with investigational drugs targeting both extracellular and cell division mediated spreading pathways","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827820338198?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827820338198?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T19:40:57Z","timestamp":1759174857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827820338198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168827820338198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"New insights into HDV persistence: The role of interferon response and implications for upcoming novel therapies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}