{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:02:25Z","timestamp":1792839745249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["802899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["802899"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011958","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1030-00426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1030-00426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011958","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4004-00598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4004-00598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009459","name":"Hvidovre Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF19OC0055462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF19OC0055462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P400PB_183952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P400PB_183952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF19OC0054518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF19OC0054518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF23OC0087091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF23OC0087091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"K\u00f8benhavns Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008363","name":"Kr\u00e6ftens Bek\u00e6mpelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R204-A12639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R204-A12639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal-of-hepatology.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T15:33:54Z","timestamp":1742052834000},"page":"870-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Norway rat hepacivirus resembles hepatitis C virus in terms of intra-host evolution and escape from neutralizing antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0668-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Thorselius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Wolfisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrik","family":"Fahn\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1545-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troels K.H.","family":"Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenn","family":"Holmbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Bukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.035","article-title":"The history of hepatitis C virus (HCV): basic research reveals unique features in phylogeny, evolution and the viral life cycle with new perspectives for epidemic control","volume":"65","author":"Bukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.02.016","article-title":"Critical challenges and emerging opportunities in hepatitis C virus research in an era of potent antiviral therapy: considerations for scientists and funding agencies","volume":"248","author":"Bartenschlager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib4","series-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol 439. Current topics in Microbiology and Immunology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15640-3_7","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of genetic variation in hepatitis C virus (HCV)","author":"Galli","year":"2023"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8183","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00142-08","article-title":"Previously infected chimpanzees are not consistently protected against reinfection or persistent infection after reexposure to the identical hepatitis C virus strain","volume":"82","author":"Bukh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023345","article-title":"Randomized trial of a vaccine regimen to prevent chronic HCV infection","volume":"384","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007772","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies from an individual that naturally cleared multiple hepatitis C virus infections uncover molecular determinants for E2 targeting and vaccine design","volume":"15","author":"Keck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92872","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies with few somatic mutations and hepatitis C virus clearance","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"6640","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf2226","article-title":"Toward a vaccine against hepatitis C virus","volume":"380","author":"Offersgaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.016","article-title":"Animal models for the study of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease","volume":"142","author":"Bukh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011697","article-title":"Phenotype and fate of liver-resident CD8 T cells during acute and chronic hepacivirus infection. Zajac AJ, ed","volume":"19","author":"Dravid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01933-14","article-title":"Detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal Rattus norvegicus in New York City. Moscona A, ed","volume":"5","author":"Firth","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29494","article-title":"Viral persistence, liver disease, and host response in a hepatitis C-like virus rat model","volume":"68","author":"Trivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6347","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal1962","article-title":"Mouse models of acute and chronic hepacivirus infection","volume":"357","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000547","article-title":"Host genetic variation guides hepacivirus clearance, chronicity, and liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"79","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32535","article-title":"Neutralization and receptor use of infectious culture\u2013derived rat hepacivirus as a model for HCV","volume":"76","author":"Wolfisberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10149","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403519101","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"101","author":"Logvinoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501275102","article-title":"Evidence for cross-genotype neutralization of hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles and enhancement of infectivity by apolipoprotein C1","volume":"102","author":"Meunier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib19","series-title":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01812-22","article-title":"Molecular determinants of mouse adaptation of rat hepacivirus. Ou JHJ, ed.","volume":"97","author":"Wolfisberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib21","series-title":"MHC ligands and peptide motifs","author":"Rammensee","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00172063","article-title":"MHC ligands and peptide motifs: first listing","volume":"41","author":"Rammensee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib23","article-title":"Evidence of a novel viral membrane fusion mechanism shared by the Hepaci, Pegi and Pestiviruses","author":"Grove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zenodo"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002174","article-title":"Structures of the Hepaci-, Pegi-, and Pestiviruses envelope proteins suggest a novel membrane fusion mechanism","volume":"21","author":"Oliver","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050204","article-title":"Peptide binding motifs of the MHC class I molecules (RT1.A l) of the Lewis rat","volume":"45","author":"Reizis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09105-0","article-title":"Vaccination to prevent T cell subversion can protect against persistent hepacivirus infection","volume":"10","author":"Hartlage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00035-20","article-title":"Priming of antiviral CD8 T cells without effector function by a persistently replicating hepatitis C-like virus. James Ou JH, ed","volume":"94","author":"Hartlage","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30894","article-title":"Use of an outbred rat hepacivirus challenge model for design and evaluation of efficacy of different immunization strategies for hepatitis C virus","volume":"71","author":"Atcheson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.035956-0","article-title":"The role of neutralizing antibodies in hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"93","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832180100","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles","volume":"100","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7758","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00039-15","article-title":"Adaptive mutations enhance assembly and cell-to-cell transmission of a high-titer hepatitis C virus genotype 5a core-NS2 JFH1-based recombinant. Diamond MS, ed","volume":"89","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114927109","article-title":"Human broadly neutralizing antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein complex of hepatitis C virus","volume":"109","author":"Giang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002653","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibodies to a novel cluster of conformational epitopes on HCV E2 with resistance to neutralization escape in a genotype 2a isolate. Diamond MS, ed","volume":"8","author":"Keck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plos Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28705","article-title":"Hypervariable region 1 shielding of hepatitis C virus is a main contributor to genotypic differences in neutralization sensitivity","volume":"64","author":"Prentoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02146","article-title":"Hypervariable region 1 in envelope protein 2 of hepatitis C virus: a linchpin in neutralizing antibody evasion and viral entry","volume":"9","author":"Prentoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8030","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07783-5","article-title":"The hepatitis C virus envelope protein complex is a dimer of heterodimers","volume":"633","author":"Augestad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac007","article-title":"Intra-host analysis of hepaciviral glycoprotein evolution reveals signatures associated with viral persistence and clearance","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f6mer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1698","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies protect against hepatitis C virus quasispecies challenge","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.12.008","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus continuously escapes from neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses during chronic infection in vivo","volume":"132","author":"von Hahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.3.1385-1395.1993","article-title":"Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products","volume":"67","author":"Grakoui","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827825001631?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827825001631?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:41:44Z","timestamp":1774860104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827825001631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168827825001631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Norway rat hepacivirus resembles hepatitis C virus in terms of intra-host evolution and escape from neutralizing antibodies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.02.044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}