{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:56:17Z","timestamp":1792065377847,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal-of-hepatology.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T06:34:22Z","timestamp":1788676462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers to viral hepatitis elimination and new strategies to overcome them in low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwan","family":"Vo-Quang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Pawlotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00386-7","article-title":"Global reporting of progress towards elimination of hepatitis B and hepatitis C","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31280","article-title":"Fraction and incidence of liver cancer attributable to hepatitis B and C viruses worldwide","volume":"142","author":"Maucort-Boulch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00050-4","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Alberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00321-7","article-title":"Progress towards elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology Commission update","volume":"9","author":"Cooke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.017","article-title":"New virological tools for screening, diagnosis and monitoring of hepatitis B and C in resource-limited settings","volume":"69","author":"Chevaliez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.276701","article-title":"Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan","volume":"310","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-7","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986-90) and in the nationwide immunisation program","volume":"14","author":"Peto","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib15","first-page":"S61","article-title":"Addressing immunization barriers, benefits, and risks","volume":"56","author":"Kimmel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31558-0","article-title":"Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study","volume":"396","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7534-2","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination coverage across India: exploring the spatial heterogeneity and contextual determinants","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.08.004","article-title":"Mapping the timeliness of routine childhood vaccination in the Gambia: a spatial modelling study","volume":"41","author":"Wariri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000243","article-title":"Population and sub-national (district) level diversity in missed and dropout of different doses of hepatitis-B vaccine among Indian children aged 12-59 months","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30219-5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of the controlled temperature chain for the hepatitis B virus birth dose vaccine in various global settings: a modelling study","volume":"6","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib21","article-title":"Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib22","first-page":"1709","article-title":"Use of hepatitis B vaccination for adults with diabetes mellitus: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"60","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30780-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a tri-antigenic versus a mono-antigenic hepatitis B vaccine in adults (PROTECT): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Vesikari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.24490","article-title":"HepB-CpG vs HepB-Alum vaccine in people with HIV and prior vaccine nonresponse: the BEe-HIVe randomized clinical trial","volume":"333","author":"Marks","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.04.028","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity and safety of the hepatitis B vaccine HepB-CpG (HEPLISAV-B) compared with HepB-Eng (Engerix-B) in adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"41","author":"Girndt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.005","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccine delivered by microneedle patch: immunogenicity in mice and rhesus macaques","volume":"41","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001332","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis B birth dose vaccination: perspectives from healthcare providers and pregnant women accessing antenatal care in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Freeland","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.009","article-title":"Social and behavioral determinants of attitudes towards and practices of hepatitis B vaccine birth dose in Vietnam","volume":"38","author":"Thanh Thi Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7229a2","article-title":"Progress toward hepatitis B control and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: world Health Organization African region, 2016-2021","volume":"72","author":"Kabore","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00071-7","article-title":"Status of HBV birth dose vaccination in Africa: the impact of COVID-19 and GAVI support on policy development","volume":"8","author":"Njuguna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00197-8","article-title":"Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: a modelling study","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0116","article-title":"Poor sensitivity of commercial rapid diagnostic tests for hepatitis B e antigen in Senegal, West Africa","volume":"99","author":"Seck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab562","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination impact and the unmet need for antiviral treatment in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"226","author":"Stockdale","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00074-2","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B virus prophylaxis in pregnancy: a dynamic simulation modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Nayagam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E521","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00026-2","article-title":"Residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus infection despite timely birth-dose vaccination in Cameroon (ANRS 12303): a single-centre, longitudinal observational study","volume":"10","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13525","article-title":"Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations","volume":"28","author":"Mokaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib39","article-title":"Proportion of pregnant women with HBV infection eligible for antiviral prophylaxis to prevent vertical transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Delamare","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30586-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of antiviral prophylaxis during pregnancy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Funk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.281311","article-title":"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus in antenatal care and maternity services","volume":"100","author":"Loarec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mozambique Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420953722","article-title":"Feasibility, benefits, and cost-effectiveness of adding universal hepatitis B and syphilis testing to routine antenatal care services in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00304-1","article-title":"Arresting vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (AVERT-HBV) in pregnant women and their neonates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz037","article-title":"Integrated approach for triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis is highly effective and cost-effective: an economic evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib45","article-title":"Progress towards triple elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis in Pacific Island Countries and Territories: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Bell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00131-6","article-title":"Risk of early horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in children of uninfected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.045","article-title":"Hepatitis B core-related antigen to indicate high viral load: systematic review and meta-analysis of 10,397 individual participants","volume":"19","author":"Yoshida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz412","article-title":"Hepatitis B core-related antigen: an alternative to hepatitis B virus DNA to assess treatment eligibility in Africa","volume":"70","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13489","article-title":"Analytical validation of hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) using dried blood spots (DBS)","volume":"28","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.026","article-title":"Rapid point-of-care test for hepatitis B core-related antigen to diagnose high viral load in resource-limited settings","volume":"21","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.064","article-title":"Level of hepatitis B (HB) core antibody associates with seroclearance of HBV DNA and HB surface antigen in HBe antigen-seronegative patients","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.014","article-title":"Development and clinical validation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to diagnose high HBV DNA levels in resource-limited settings","volume":"27","author":"Vanhomwegen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030621","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic test for hepatitis B virus viral load based on recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow read-out","volume":"12","author":"Mayran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-15915024","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus universal screening versus risk based selective screening during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Waruingi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.01.009","article-title":"Reliability of risk-based screening for hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Egypt","volume":"70","author":"El-Kamary","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy585","article-title":"Hepatitis C guidance 2018 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.05.016","article-title":"Influence of hepatitis C viral parameters on pregnancy complications and risk of mother-to-child transmission","volume":"77","author":"Kushner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu447","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Benova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14913","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome of anti-HCV direct-acting antivirals: real-life data from an Egyptian cohort","volume":"41","author":"Abdallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.12.032","article-title":"Modelling the potential effectiveness of hepatitis C screening and treatment strategies during pregnancy in Egypt and Ukraine","volume":"78","author":"Hachicha-Maalej","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.29.1900537","article-title":"Transmission of viral hepatitis through blood transfusion in Sweden, 1968 to 2012","volume":"25","author":"Dahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03797.x","article-title":"Francophone African Group for Research in Blood Transfusion. Multinational assessment of blood-borne virus testing and transfusion safety on the African continent","volume":"53","author":"Laperche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03460.x","article-title":"Risk of window period hepatitis C infection in high infectious risk donors: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Kucirka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Transpl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00201-1","article-title":"Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Im","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12198","article-title":"Infectivity of blood components from donors with occult hepatitis B infection: results from an Australian lookback programme","volume":"108","author":"Seed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2017.06.014","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B infection and transfusion-transmission risk","volume":"24","author":"Candotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204322637182","article-title":"The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings","volume":"15","author":"Hauri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-98","article-title":"Hepatitis B and liver cancer knowledge and practices among healthcare and public health professionals in China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30085-8","article-title":"The contribution of injection drug use to hepatitis C virus transmission globally, regionally, and at country level: a modelling study","volume":"4","author":"Trickey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","article-title":"Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib73","article-title":"A community-based strategy to eliminate hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Vietnam","volume":"37","author":"Nagot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26073","article-title":"Modelling the impact and cost-effectiveness of non-governmental organizations on HIV and HCV transmission among people who inject drugs in Ukraine","volume":"26","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews","volume":"378","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00619-X","article-title":"Public health and international drug policy","volume":"387","author":"Csete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib77","article-title":"Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs","volume":"9","author":"Platt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003718","article-title":"Unit costs of needle and syringe program provision: a global systematic review and cost extrapolation","volume":"37","author":"Killion","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099677","article-title":"Evolution of the global burden of viral infections from unsafe medical injections, 2000-2010","volume":"9","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32277-3","article-title":"Scaling up prevention and treatment towards the elimination of hepatitis C: a global mathematical model","volume":"393","author":"Heffernan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00275-8","article-title":"Patient-centred models of hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: a multicentre, pragmatic randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Litwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e431","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30505-2","article-title":"Decentralisation, integration, and task-shifting in hepatitis C virus infection testing and treatment: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Oru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz521","article-title":"Interventions to increase completion of hepatitis B vaccination in people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Tressler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.045","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers of hepatitis B screening and vaccination","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18953-5","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to viral hepatitis testing in Uzbekistan: scoping qualitative study among key stakeholders, healthcare workers, and the general population","volume":"24","author":"Mazhnaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0269-z","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C (HCV) screening and treatment-a description of prisoners\u2019 perspective","volume":"15","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16017-8","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to testing for hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a scoping review of the qualitative evidence","volume":"23","author":"Balsom","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v44i78a03","article-title":"Barriers to and facilitators of hepatitis C virus screening and testing: a scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Shehata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001306","article-title":"Point-of-care testing for infectious diseases: diversity, complexity, and barriers in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Pai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plos Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.011","article-title":"Decreases in hepatitis C testing and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"61","author":"Kaufman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.10.043","article-title":"Adjusted estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus in 25 countries and territories","volume":"80","author":"Razavi-Shearer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.041","article-title":"Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV\/HDV-prevalence countries","volume":"79","author":"Razavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.12.009","article-title":"Evaluation of a new, rapid test for detecting HCV infection, suitable for use with blood or oral fluid","volume":"172","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.229","article-title":"The performance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody point-of-care tests on oral fluid or whole blood and dried blood spot testing for HCV serology and viral load among individuals at higher risk for HCV in South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Prabdial-Sing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac490","article-title":"Simplified test-to-treat strategy for hepatitis C in Thailand: the Phetchabun model","volume":"228","author":"Wasitthankasem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3613","article-title":"Assessment of the feasibility and cost of hepatitis C elimination in Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Chhatwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70103","article-title":"Decentralised hepatitis C management: a simplified, integrated model of care in a primary health centre in Pakistan, August 2022-June 2023","volume":"33","author":"Mazzilli","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf608","article-title":"Development of a rapid automated point-of-care test for hepatitis C vViral RNA on the DASH rapid polymerase chain reaction system","volume":"233","author":"Reed","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.05.007","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus core antigen: a simplified treatment monitoring tool, including for post-treatment relapse","volume":"92","author":"Lamoury","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2775-0","article-title":"The future of viral hepatitis testing: innovations in testing technologies and approaches","volume":"17","author":"Peeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.4.1561-1563.2006","article-title":"Early detection of hepatitis C virus infection by use of a new combined antigen-antibody detection assay: potential use for high-risk individuals","volume":"44","author":"Schnuriger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116975","article-title":"Usefulness of a fourth generation ELISA assay for the reliable identification of HCV infection in HIV-positive adults from Gabon (Central Africa)","volume":"10","author":"Rouet","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab405","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of 1-time universal screening for chronic hepatitis B infection in adults in the United States","volume":"74","author":"Toy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e278","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00517-9","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of universal screening for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China: an economic evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307783","article-title":"Automated opt-out hepatitis C testing to reduce missed screening opportunities in the emergency department","volume":"114","author":"Sperring","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198520","article-title":"An innovative approach to increase viral hepatitis diagnoses and linkage to care using opt-out testing and an integrated care pathway in a London emergency department","volume":"13","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13876","article-title":"Acceptability and usability of oral fluid HCV self-testing for hepatitis C diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Perazzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0484","article-title":"Self-testing strategy to eliminate hepatitis C as per World Health Organization\u2019s goal: analysis of disease burden and cost-effectiveness","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122371","article-title":"A rapid point-of-care test for the serodiagnosis of hepatitis Delta virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Lempp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.01.004","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a core antigen-based rapid diagnostic test for hepatitis C","volume":"25","author":"Adee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv101","article-title":"Comparison of rapid point-of-care tests for detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus","volume":"2","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad463","article-title":"Molecular point-of-care testing for hepatitis C: available technologies, pipeline, and promising future directions","volume":"229","author":"Ivanova Reipold","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013059","article-title":"Are differences in travel time or distance to healthcare for adults in global north countries associated with an impact on health outcomes? A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30272-4","article-title":"Additional resource needs for viral hepatitis elimination through universal health coverage: projections in 67 low-income and middle-income countries, 2016-30","volume":"7","author":"Tordrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.014","article-title":"Excluding people who use drugs or alcohol from access to hepatitis C treatments: is this fair, given the available data?","volume":"63","author":"Grebely","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit306","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis C virus infection among people who are actively injecting drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Aspinall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00263-2","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Gambia, west Africa: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Ndow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00226-7","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of untreated adults living with chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia: an analysis of data from the prospective PROLIFICA cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ndow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03082-4","article-title":"Five-year results of a treatment program for chronic hepatitis B in Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Desalegn","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.019","article-title":"Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen loss in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate","volume":"61","author":"Marcellin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib128","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance in people treated with entecavir or tenofovir","volume":"174","author":"Lumley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.07.025","article-title":"Suboptimal SVR rates in African patients with atypical genotype 1 subtypes: implications for global elimination of hepatitis C","volume":"71","author":"Childs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30225","article-title":"Frequent antiviral treatment failures in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 4, subtype 4r","volume":"69","author":"Fourati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000379","article-title":"Virological characterization of treatment failures and retreatment outcomes in patients infected with \u201cunusual\u201d HCV genotype 1 subtypes","volume":"78","author":"Vo-Quang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332177","article-title":"\u201cUnusual\u201d HCV genotype subtypes: origin, distribution, sensitivity to direct-acting antiviral drugs and behaviour on antiviral treatment and retreatment","volume":"73","author":"Vo-Quang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30382-0","article-title":"Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Rwanda with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir (SHARED): a single-arm trial","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.038","article-title":"Population-level estimates of hepatitis C reinfection post scale-up of direct-acting antivirals among people who inject drugs","volume":"76","author":"Yeung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00077-7","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis C reinfection following successful therapy among people living with HIV: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini-Hooshyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib136","article-title":"HCV microelimination in harm reduction centres has benefits beyond HCV cure but is hampered by high reinfection rates","volume":"4","author":"Lens","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10545-6","article-title":"Distinct effects of hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib138","article-title":"Impact of HBV infection on clinical outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14676","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic hepatitis C successfully treated with direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"41","author":"Ciancio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.09.019","article-title":"Metformin reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence after successful antiviral therapy in patients with diabetes and chronic hepatitis C in Taiwan","volume":"78","author":"Tsai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70672","article-title":"Real-world outcomes of Opti-Hep-D: an innovative, multicentre and multidisciplinary program improving hepatitis D cascade of care","volume":"46","author":"Palom","year":"2026","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003688","article-title":"Novel implementation of hepatitis B to hepatitis Delta reflex testing in a US healthcare system","volume":"121","author":"Mageras","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15770","article-title":"The cascade of care for patients with chronic hepatitis delta in Southern Stockholm, Sweden for the past 30 years","volume":"44","author":"Kamal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213429","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized trial of bulevirtide in chronic hepatitis D","volume":"389","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.03.046","article-title":"144 weeks of bulevirtide monotherapy for chronic hepatitis D: final and post-treatment results from a phase III randomized trial","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30161-3","article-title":"Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.024","article-title":"Development of a simple score based on HBeAg and ALT for selecting patients for HBV treatment in Africa","volume":"69","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00449-1","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a simple treatment eligibility score (HEPSANET) to decentralise hepatitis B care in Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Minier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.03.018","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"83","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00467-9","article-title":"Treat-all versus targeted strategies to select HBV-infected people for antiviral therapy in the Gambia, west Africa: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.010","article-title":"Simplified monitoring for hepatitis C virus treatment with glecaprevir plus pibrentasvir, a randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"72","author":"Dore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00397-6","article-title":"A minimal monitoring approach for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection (ACTG A5360 [MINMON]): a phase 4, open-label, single-arm trial","volume":"7","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30107-8","article-title":"Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"1","author":"Buti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.039","article-title":"96 weeks treatment of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"68","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002468","article-title":"Long-term treatment with tenofovir alafenamide for chronic hepatitis B results in high rates of viral suppression and favorable renal and bone safety","volume":"119","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad404","article-title":"Renal safety of long-term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"10","author":"Woldemedihn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210027","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bepirovirsen in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"387","author":"Yuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2515131","article-title":"Phase 3 results of bepirovirsen treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"394","author":"Hou","year":"2026","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00315-1","article-title":"Under-representation of the WHO African region in clinical trials of interventions against hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Delphin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1110855","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception","volume":"366","author":"Winner","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904398","article-title":"Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance of HIV-1 suppression","volume":"382","author":"Swindells","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2017-001258","article-title":"Adherence and preference of intravenous zoledronic acid for osteoporosis versus other bisphosphonates","volume":"26","author":"Fobelo Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S487","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac749","article-title":"What clinicians need to know about the development of long-acting formulations","volume":"75","author":"Flexner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.12.006","article-title":"Identification of a novel long-acting 4\u2019-modified nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor against HBV","volume":"74","author":"Higashi-Kuwata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.038","article-title":"Is there any need for new, long-acting nucleos(t)ide analogues for the treatment of hepatitis B infection?","volume":"74","author":"Durantel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6719a2","article-title":"Community-based services to improve testing and linkage to care among non-U.S.-born persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: three U.S. programs, October 2014-September 2017","volume":"67","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071506","article-title":"Community strategy for hepatitis B, C, and D screening and linkage to care in Mongolians living in Spain","volume":"15","author":"Palom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.01.013","article-title":"Number of people treated for hepatitis C virus infection in 2014-2023 and applicable lessons for new HBV and HDV therapies","volume":"83","author":"Razavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz166","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of cash incentives or peer support to increase HCV treatment for persons with HIV who use drugs: the CHAMPS study","volume":"6","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70090","article-title":"High efficiency and safety of hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs in Vietnam","volume":"32","author":"Laureillard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00012-1","article-title":"Decentralised hepatitis C testing and treatment in rural Cambodia: evaluation of a simplified service model integrated in an existing public health system","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14983","article-title":"Outcomes of the CT2 study: a \u2018one-stop-shop\u2019 for community-based hepatitis C testing and treatment in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"41","author":"Draper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020521","article-title":"Evaluation of simplified HCV diagnostics in HIV\/HCV co-infected patients in Myanmar","volume":"15","author":"Nyein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1429516","article-title":"Experience and challenges delivering hepatitis C virus treatment for people who inject drugs in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Boke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104894","article-title":"A decentralized point of service triple prevention and treatment model for hepatitis B, C and HIV in people who inject drugs in South Africa","volume":"143","author":"Saayman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2017.1400385","article-title":"Hepatitis C point-of-care diagnostics: in search of a single visit diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Grebely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30524-9","article-title":"Tuberculosis, HIV, and viral hepatitis diagnostics in eastern Europe and central Asia: high time for integrated and people-centred services","volume":"20","author":"Dara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08678-y","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and linkage to care among patients with non-communicable diseases in three rural Rwandan districts: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Musafiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30359-9","article-title":"Global prevalence of hepatitis C virus in women of childbearing age in 2019: a modelling study","volume":"6","author":"Dugan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0608-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the first open-access hepatitis B and safe injection online training course for health professionals in China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70077-8","article-title":"Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.035","article-title":"PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy","volume":"64","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.07.018","article-title":"Modified PAGE-B score predicts the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asians with chronic hepatitis B on antiviral therapy","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040377","article-title":"Association between aflatoxin M1 and liver disease in HBV\/HCV infected persons in Ghana","volume":"13","author":"Afum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.009","article-title":"Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00040-2","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among people living with hepatitis B in Senegal (SEN-B): insights from a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Ram\u00edrez Mena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.24-0341","article-title":"Community-based point-of-care screening for hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma in rural Tanzania","volume":"112","author":"Tappata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27264","article-title":"Discovery and validation of urinary metabotypes for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in West Africans","volume":"60","author":"Ladep","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32185","article-title":"GALAD demonstrates high sensitivity for HCC surveillance in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis","volume":"75","author":"Singal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11167-9","article-title":"Surveillance and treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (aka. STOP HCC): protocol for a prospective cohort study of high-risk patients for HCC using GALAD-score","volume":"23","author":"Truong","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1912628","article-title":"Screening and treatment program to eliminate hepatitis C in Egypt","volume":"382","author":"Waked","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2024.03.005","article-title":"Hepatitis C elimination in Rwanda: progress, feasibility, and economic evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00134-0","article-title":"HBV elimination in sub-Saharan Africa: Rwanda\u2019s approach to health system integration","volume":"7","author":"Makuza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.70145","article-title":"Progress towards elimination: hepatitis B and C among children and young adults in rural Mongolia","volume":"33","author":"Dashdorj","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e440","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30003-6","article-title":"Effects and cost of different strategies to eliminate hepatitis C virus transmission in Pakistan: a modelling analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827826028874?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168827826028874?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:29:56Z","timestamp":1792063796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168827826028874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":178,"alternative-id":["S0168827826028874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8278","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Barriers to viral hepatitis elimination and new strategies to overcome them in low- and middle-income countries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2026.08.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}