{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1793193047359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403114013\/B07 - CRC 1382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403114013\/B07 - CRC 1382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG STE 3003\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG STE 3003\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BR4182\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR4182\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jhep-reports.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T02:36:35Z","timestamp":1635906995000},"page":"100391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immunomodulatory receptor VSIG4 is released during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and predicts short-term mortality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rei\u00dfing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-200X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mick","family":"Frissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatomi","family":"Ibidapo-Obe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Reuken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa H.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Stengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Quickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Gro\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning W.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Trautwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Stallmach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.005","article-title":"Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide","volume":"156","author":"Piano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis","volume":"144","author":"Moreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.019","article-title":"PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Trebicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","article-title":"Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis","volume":"139","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.001","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective multicentre study of the epidemiology and outcomes of bloodstream infection in cirrhotic patients","volume":"24","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.046","article-title":"Clinical features and evolution of bacterial infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"74","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27077","article-title":"Survival in infection-related acute-on-chronic liver failure is defined by extrahepatic organ failures","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13095","article-title":"The prognostic significance of bacterial DNA in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and suspected infection","volume":"36","author":"Bruns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12054","article-title":"Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is compartmentally regulated in decompensated cirrhosis and indicates immune activation and short-term mortality","volume":"274","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.212","article-title":"Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13135","article-title":"Cooperative Antimicrobial Therapy of Septic Shock (CATSS) Database Research Group. Appropriate and timely antimicrobial therapy in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis-associated septic shock: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Karvellas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v3.i5.92","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-6 in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"3","author":"Suliman","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.0055","article-title":"Changes in serum and ascitic monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-10 levels in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270507","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality","volume":"27","author":"Navasa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23247","article-title":"The value of ascitic neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in decompensated liver cirrhosis with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.029","article-title":"Peritoneal level of CD206 associates with mortality and an inflammatory macrophage phenotype in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"158","author":"Stengel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2419","article-title":"Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Gautier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86914","article-title":"CRIg-expressing peritoneal macrophages are associated with disease severity in patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"1","author":"Irvine","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29540","article-title":"CRIg, a tissue-resident macrophage specific immune checkpoint molecule, promotes immunological tolerance in NOD mice, via a dual role in effector and regulatory T cells","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.12.039","article-title":"CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis of circulating pathogens","volume":"124","author":"Helmy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.06.002","article-title":"CRIg functions as a macrophage pattern recognition receptor to directly bind and capture blood-borne Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01327-4","article-title":"VSIG4 inhibits proinflammatory macrophage activation by reprogramming mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25673","article-title":"VSIG4, a B7 family-related protein, is a negative regulator of T cell activation","volume":"116","author":"Vogt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16299","article-title":"Serum soluble VSIG4 as a surrogate marker for the diagnosis of lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"189","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05263","article-title":"Structure of C3b in complex with CRIg gives insights into regulation of complement activation","volume":"444","author":"Wiesmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070432","article-title":"A\u00a0novel inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement reverses inflammation and bone destruction in experimental arthritis","volume":"204","author":"Katschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"69","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31153","article-title":"MAIT cells are enriched and highly functional in ascites of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Niehaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.01.003","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells redistribute to the peritoneal cavity during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and contribute to peritoneal inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Ibidapo-Obe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w14301","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2016.14301","article-title":"Complement receptor immunoglobulin: a control point in infection and immunity, inflammation and cancer","volume":"146","author":"Small","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.016","article-title":"Tissue-specific signals control reversible program of localization and functional polarization of macrophages","volume":"157","author":"Okabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.030","article-title":"Peritoneal macrophage heterogeneity is associated with different peritoneal dialysis outcomes","volume":"91","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30787-x","article-title":"Characterization of human peritoneal monocyte\/macrophage subsets in homeostasis: phenotype, GATA6, phagocytic\/oxidative activities and cytokines expression","volume":"8","author":"Ruiz-Alcaraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050419","article-title":"Opsonic activity of human ascitic fluid: a potentially important protective mechanism against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"5","author":"Runyon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555921001671?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555921001671?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:06:27Z","timestamp":1778904387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589555921001671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589555921001671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5559","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immunomodulatory receptor VSIG4 is released during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and predicts short-term mortality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JHEP Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100391","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100391"}}