{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:03:22Z","timestamp":1792839802832,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015652","name":"Barts Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jhep-reports.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T21:00:54Z","timestamp":1678222854000},"page":"100720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Utility of novel viral and immune markers in predicting HBV treatment endpoints: A systematic review of treatment discontinuation studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2637-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apostolos","family":"Koffas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lung-Yi","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upkar S.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9201-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick T.F.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"384","author":"Tr\u00e9po","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i13.589","article-title":"Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies","volume":"6","author":"Jefferies","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib3","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepat B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61425-1","article-title":"Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study","volume":"381","author":"Marcellin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.002","article-title":"Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B: assessment and modification with current antiviral therapy","volume":"62","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21299","article-title":"Intrahepatic levels and replicative activity of covalently closed circular hepatitis B virus DNA in chronically infected patients","volume":"44","author":"Laras","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.018","article-title":"Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy","volume":"126","author":"Werle-Lapostolle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9675-4","article-title":"Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update","volume":"10","author":"Sarin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","author":"Lampertico","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B:\u00a0AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib11","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Discontinuation of nucleot(s)ide analogue therapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw412","article-title":"Viral and host responses after stopping long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"214","author":"H\u00f6ner Zu Siederdissen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix690","article-title":"Distinct relapse rates and risk predictors after discontinuing tenofovir and entecavir therapy","volume":"217","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.05.047","article-title":"Serum level of antibodies against hepatitis B core protein is associated with clinical relapse after discontinuation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy","volume":"17","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15058","article-title":"Combining hepatitis B core-related and surface antigens at end of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment to predict off-therapy relapse risk","volume":"49","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31026","article-title":"Pregenomic HBV RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen predict outcomes\u00a0in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients suppressed on nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy","volume":"72","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.046","article-title":"Association between negative results from tests for HBV DNA and RNA and durability of response after discontinuation of nucles(t)ide analogue therapy","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa136","article-title":"Combining hepatitis B virus RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen: guidance for safely stopping nucleos(t)ide analogues in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"222","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.043","article-title":"Viral and immune factors associated with successful treatment withdrawal in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"74","author":"Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14606","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen, core-related antigen and HBV RNA: predicting clinical relapse after NA therapy discontinuation","volume":"40","author":"Kaewdech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib22","article-title":"Rebound of\u00a0HBV\u00a0DNA after cessation of nucleos\/tide analogues in chronic hepatitis B patients with undetectable covalently closed","volume":"2","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001376","article-title":"Serum HBV RNA dynamic and drug withdrawal predictor value in patients with chronic HBV infection on long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13211","article-title":"Predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen loss, relapse and retreatment after discontinuation of effective oral antiviral therapy in noncirrhotic HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"27","author":"Papatheodoridi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321116","article-title":"Role of serum HBV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen levels in identifying Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B suitable for entecavir cessation","volume":"70","author":"Seto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.037","article-title":"Incidence and factors associated with HBV relapse after cessation of entecavir or tenofovir in patients with HBsAg below 100 IU\/mL","volume":"18","author":"Tseng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10186-7","article-title":"Combined viral quasispecies diversity and hepatitis B core-related antigen predict off-nucleos(t)ide analog durability in HBeAg-negative patients","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13528","article-title":"The role of hepatitis B virus core-related antigen in predicting hepatitis B virus relapse after cessation of entecavir in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10159-w","article-title":"Combining end-of-treatment HBsAg and baseline hepatitis B core-related antigen reduce HBV relapse rate after tenofovir cessation","volume":"15","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S321253","article-title":"Hepatitis B core-related antigen is a biomarker for off-treatment relapse after long-term nucleos(t)ide analog therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"14","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.005","article-title":"Prediction of sustained response after nucleo(s)tide analogue cessation using HBsAg and HBcrAg levels: a multicenter study (CREATE)","volume":"20","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1626","article-title":"Pilot study using machine learning to identify immune profiles for the prediction of early virological relapse after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogues in HBeAg-negative CHB","volume":"5","author":"W\u00fcbbolding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16538","article-title":"Serum hepatitis B virus RNA level is associated with biochemical relapse in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection who discontinue nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment","volume":"54","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01812-0","article-title":"HBeAg-positive patients with HBsAg < 100 IU\/mL and negative HBV RNA have lower risk of virological relapse after nucleos(t)ide analogues cessation","volume":"56","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.004","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-specific T cell responses after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"69","author":"Rinker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy097","article-title":"Increased NK cell function after cessation of long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment in chronic hepatitis B is associated with liver damage and HBsAg loss","volume":"217","author":"Zimmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92812","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-specific T cells associate with viral control upon nucleos(t)ide-analogue therapy discontinuation","volume":"128","author":"Rivino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13068","article-title":"Immunological biomarkers as indicators for outcome after discontinuation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"26","author":"Kranidioti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104124","article-title":"Genetic variations in the CXCR5 gene decrease the risk of clinical relapse after discontinuation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"78","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4261-3","article-title":"Elevated expression of\u00a0serum soluble ST2 in clinical relapse after stopping long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab596","article-title":"Earlier and higher rate of hepatitis B virus relapse after discontinuing tenofovir versus entecavir in hepatitis B e Antigen-positive patients","volume":"225","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac375","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus flares following nucleot(s)ide analogue cessation are associated with activation of TLR signalling pathways","volume":"227","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib43","article-title":"Clinical utility of SCALE-B to predict hepatitis B virus relapse, hepatitis B surface antigen loss after antiviral cessation in Asian patients after 2-year follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Kaewdech","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13729","article-title":"Significance of serum HBV RNA in non-cirrhotic HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinue effective antiviral therapy","volume":"29","author":"Papatheodoridi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.007","article-title":"Probability of HBsAg loss after nucleo(s)tide analogue withdrawal depends on HBV genotype and viral antigen levels","volume":"76","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10411-x","article-title":"Effectiveness of entecavir vs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for functional cure of chronic hepatitis B in an international cohort","volume":"16","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.002","article-title":"Off-therapy response after nucleos(t)ide analogue withdrawal in patients with chronic hepatitis B: an international, multicenter, multiethnic cohort (RETRACT-B Study)","volume":"162","author":"Hirode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29640","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"68","author":"Jeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy697","article-title":"The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen loss between hepatitis B E antigen-negative noncirrhotic patients who discontinued or continued entecavir therapy","volume":"219","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.022","article-title":"Quantitative intrahepatic HBV cccDNA correlates with histological liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"52","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23571","article-title":"Serum hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers: disease phase influences correlation with viral load and intrahepatic hepatitis B virus markers","volume":"51","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa572","article-title":"Abundance of noncircular intrahepatic hepatitis B virus DNA may reflect frequent integration into human DNA in chronically infected patients","volume":"225","author":"Rydell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323300","article-title":"Whole exome HBV DNA integration is independent of the intrahepatic HBV reservoir in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"70","author":"Svicher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00366-07","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus core-related antigens as markers for monitoring chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"45","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0994-7","article-title":"High serum levels of pregenomic RNA reflect frequently failing reverse transcription in hepatitis B virus particles","volume":"15","author":"Prakash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301073","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: towards restoration of immune control of viral infection","volume":"61","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1694","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.42","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28155","article-title":"Natural killer cell phenotype modulation and natural killer\/T-cell interplay in nucleos(t)ide analogue-treated hepatitis e antigen-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"62","author":"Boni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121960","article-title":"Circulating and intrahepatic antiviral B cells are defective in hepatitis B","volume":"128","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121957","article-title":"PD-1 blockade partially recovers dysfunctional virus-specific B cells in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"128","author":"Salimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.26.14648","article-title":"Role of B cells in antigen presentation of the hepatitis B core","volume":"94","author":"Milich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.07.014","article-title":"Restored function of HBV-specific T cells after long-term effective therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"143","author":"Boni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2017.51","article-title":"Seven-year treatment outcome of entecavir in a real-world cohort: effects on clinical parameters, HBsAg and HBcrAg levels","volume":"8","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1866","article-title":"Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decrease and serum interferon-inducible protein-10 levels as predictive markers for HBsAg loss during treatment with nucleoside\/nucleotide analogues","volume":"16","author":"Jaroszewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003208","article-title":"The third signal cytokine IL-12 rescues the anti-viral function of exhausted HBV-specific CD8 T cells","volume":"9","author":"Schurich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09991-y","article-title":"Comparison of HBsAg changes between HBeAg-negative patients who discontinued or maintained entecavir therapy","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16850","article-title":"Model to predict on-treatment restoration of functional HBV-specific CD8(+) cell response foresees off-treatment HBV control in eAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"55","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Asensio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003856","article-title":"Enhancing virus-specific immunity in\u00a0vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1708","article-title":"Risks and benefits of discontinuation of nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment: a treatment concept for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B","volume":"5","author":"van Bommel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.032","article-title":"Knockdown of virus antigen expression increases therapeutic vaccine efficacy in high-titer hepatitis B virus carrier mice","volume":"158","author":"Michler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.006","article-title":"A\u00a0case of HBV-induced liver failure in the REEF-2 phase II trial: implications for finite treatment strategies in HBV 'cure","volume":"77","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib72","article-title":"Serious adverse events after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogues in individuals with chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Tseng","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0172","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus pre-genomic RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen reductions at week 4 predict favourable hepatitis B surface antigen response upon long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue in chronic hepatitis B","volume":"29","author":"Mak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.02.020","article-title":"Immunological biomarker discovery in cure regimens for chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"77","author":"Gehring","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317071","article-title":"Fine needle aspirates comprehensively sample intrahepatic immunity","volume":"68","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.003","article-title":"Guidance for design and endpoints of clinical trials in chronic hepatitis B \u2013 Report from the 2019 EASL-AASLD HBV Treatment Endpoints Conference","volume":"72","author":"Cornberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"}],"container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555923000514?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555923000514?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T22:31:05Z","timestamp":1762900265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589555923000514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589555923000514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5559","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Utility of novel viral and immune markers in predicting HBV treatment endpoints: A systematic review of treatment discontinuation studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JHEP Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100720","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100720"}}