{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:25:32Z","timestamp":1793715932473,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Istruzione dell&apos;Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jhep-reports.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T03:36:29Z","timestamp":1725075389000},"page":"101198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Deep learning helps discriminate between autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Gerussi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver Lester","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Verda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8501-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zunamys I.","family":"Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0972-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9270-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6102-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cristoferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Malinverno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Colapietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6444-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reha","family":"Akpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Di Tommaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Terracciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0561-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Vigan\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Rigamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Cabibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Calvaruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5325-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Gibilisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f3","family":"Caldonazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Valentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ceola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Canini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Nofit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9999-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Muselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Calderaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4657-7780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Tiniakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"L\u2019Imperio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Pagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Zucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3262-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob Nikolas","family":"Kather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.002","article-title":"Overlap syndromes: the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) position statement on a controversial issue","volume":"54","author":"Boberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13083","article-title":"Bile ductal injury and ductular reaction are frequent phenomena with different significance in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"36","author":"Verdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2009.02500.x","article-title":"Application of a new histological staging and grading system for primary biliary cirrhosis to liver biopsy specimens: interobserver agreement","volume":"60","author":"Nakanuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-004-1514-7","article-title":"Are bile duct lesions of primary biliary cirrhosis distinguishable from those of autoimmune hepatitis and chronic viral hepatitis? Interobserver histological agreement on trimmed bile ducts","volume":"40","author":"Zen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib5","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in liver diseases: improving diagnostics, prognostics and response prediction","volume":"4","author":"Nam","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0462-y","article-title":"Deep learning can predict microsatellite instability directly from histology in gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"25","author":"Kather","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.018","article-title":"Artificial intelligence predicts immune and inflammatory gene signatures directly from hepatocellular carcinoma histology","volume":"77","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43749-3","article-title":"Deep learning-based phenotyping reclassifies combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Calderaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib9","first-page":"167","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: the diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"145","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-023-00365-0","article-title":"Self-supervised attention-based deep learning for pan-cancer mutation prediction from histopathology","volume":"7","author":"Saldanha","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib12","article-title":"Generalizable biomarker prediction from cancer pathology slides with self-supervised deep learning: a retrospective multi-centric study","volume":"4","author":"Niehues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztad016","article-title":"Prediction of heart transplant rejection from routine pathology slides with self-supervised deep learning","volume":"4","author":"Seraphin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102559","article-title":"Transformer-based unsupervised contrastive learning for histopathological image classification","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328031US0203_03","article-title":"Interrater agreement measures: comments on Kappan, Cohen\u2019s Kappa, Scott\u2019s \u03c0, and Aickin\u2019s \u03b1","volume":"2","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Underst Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib16","author":"Fleiss"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib17","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Italian conference on neural networks","first-page":"23","article-title":"Switching neural networks: a new connectionist model for classification","author":"Muselli","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12060123","article-title":"Optimizing water distribution through explainable AI and rule-based control","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning in primary biliary cholangitis: a novel approach for risk stratification","author":"Gerussi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26643-8","article-title":"Accurate recognition of colorectal cancer with semi-supervised deep learning on pathological images","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00936-9","article-title":"Expert-level detection of pathologies from unannotated chest X-ray images via self-supervised learning","volume":"6","author":"Tiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00682-w","article-title":"Uncertainty-guided dual-views for semi-supervised volumetric medical image segmentation","volume":"5","author":"Peiris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06555-x","article-title":"A\u00a0foundation model for generalizable disease detection from retinal images","volume":"622","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.4337","article-title":"Trends in the US and Canadian pathologist workforces from 2007 to 2017","volume":"2","author":"Metter","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102474","article-title":"Benchmarking weakly-supervised deep learning pipelines for whole slide classification in computational pathology","volume":"79","author":"Ghaffari Laleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33266-0","article-title":"Adversarial attacks and adversarial robustness in computational pathology","volume":"13","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib27","first-page":"10012","article-title":"Swin transformer: hierarchical vision transformer using shifted windows","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc IEEE\/CVF Int Conf Comp Vis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07441-w","article-title":"A\u00a0whole-slide foundation model for digital pathology from real-world data","volume":"630","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay7120","article-title":"XAI\u2014explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"4","author":"Gunning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao5333","article-title":"Big data and black-box medical algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"Lecun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01343-4","article-title":"Deep learning in histopathology: the path to the clinic","volume":"27","author":"van der Laak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.105111","article-title":"Transparency of deep neural networks for medical image analysis: a review of interpretability methods","volume":"140","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103933","article-title":"Improved image classification explainability with high-accuracy heatmaps","volume":"25","author":"Preechakul","year":"2022","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib35","first-page":"1587","article-title":"LLM-PBC: logic learning machine-based explainable rules accurately stratify the genetic risk of primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"12","author":"Gerussi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38137","article-title":"A\u00a0predictive model for obstructive\u00a0sleep apnea and Down syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Skotko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208614","article-title":"Survey of liver pathologists to assess attitudes towards digital pathology and artificial intelligence","volume":"77","author":"McGenity","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complexity of ballooned hepatocyte feature recognition: defining a training atlas for artificial intelligence-based imaging in NAFLD","author":"Brunt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01886-z","article-title":"Machine learning in rare disease","volume":"20","author":"Banerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01981-2","article-title":"Multimodal biomedical AI","volume":"28","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2025.101359","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000}}],"container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555924002027?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555924002027?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T04:13:45Z","timestamp":1742012025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589555924002027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589555924002027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5559","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deep learning helps discriminate between autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JHEP Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2024.101198","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101198"}}