{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:08:26Z","timestamp":1791518906874,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF15OC0016692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF15OC0016692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["668031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["668031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013060","name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jhep-reports.eu","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:36:35Z","timestamp":1775151395000},"page":"101848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alcohol-related liver disease disrupts bile acid homeostasis and gut microbial bile acid metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa Isabell","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa","family":"de Zawadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommi","family":"Suvitaival","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Sulek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Schudoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-0915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Podlesny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suguru","family":"Nishijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Fullam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Yeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6083-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asger","family":"Wretlind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanne Krag","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Israelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2075-2387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wasiu","family":"Akanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di\u00ebnty","family":"Hazenbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helene Baek","family":"Juel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torben","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9598-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Krag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Bork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Legido-Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1322","article-title":"Serum metabolomic profiling identifies key metabolic signatures associated with pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease in humans","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib2","article-title":"Potent suppression of hydrophobic bile acids by aldafermin, an FGF19 analogue, across metabolic and cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"3","author":"Sanyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2014.12.011","article-title":"Role of farnesoid X receptor and bile acids in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Manley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01084","article-title":"Mechanism of hydrophobic bile acid-induced hepatocyte injury and drug discovery","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00005.2020","article-title":"Gut microbiota in liver disease: what do we know and what do we not know?","volume":"35","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00852","article-title":"Bile acid profiles are distinct among patients with different etiologies of chronic liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Sang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1610","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401941111","article-title":"Bile salts act as effective protein-unfolding agents and instigators of disulfide stress in vivo","volume":"111","author":"Cremers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.5.1979-1986.2006","article-title":"Mechanism of growth inhibition by free bile acids in Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria","volume":"188","author":"Kurdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.103697","article-title":"Bile acids in combination with low pH induce oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage: relevance to the pathogenesis of Barrett\u2019s oesophagus","volume":"56","author":"Dvorak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90288-V","article-title":"Direct measurement of first-pass ileal clearance of a bile acid in humans","volume":"100","author":"Galatola","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2014.8.3.237","article-title":"Host-microbiome interactions in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509592103","article-title":"Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor","volume":"103","author":"Inagaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates bile acid metabolism by reducing the levels of tauro-beta-muricholic acid, a naturally occurring FXR antagonist","volume":"17","author":"Sayin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027464","article-title":"Use of bile acids as potential markers of liver dysfunction in humans: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Azer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.24971","article-title":"Structure and functional characterization of a bile acid 7\u03b1 dehydratase BaiE in secondary bile acid synthesis","volume":"84","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteins: Struct Funct Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2396-4","article-title":"A metabolic pathway for bile acid dehydroxylation by the gut microbiome","volume":"582","author":"Funabashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib20","first-page":"523","article-title":"Bile acid oxidation by Eggerthella lenta strains C592 and DSM 2243T","volume":"9","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142308","article-title":"Understanding microbial metabolism","volume":"60","author":"Downs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01850-y","article-title":"Noninvasive proteomic biomarkers for alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"28","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.022","article-title":"Fecal microbial load is a major determinant of gut microbiome variation and a confounder for disease associations","volume":"188","author":"Nishijima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.037","article-title":"Prognostic performance of 7 biomarkers compared to liver biopsy in early alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"75","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00010-9","article-title":"Rifaximin-\u03b1 for liver fibrosis in patients with alcohol-related liver disease (GALA-RIF): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"8","author":"Israelsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60755-9","article-title":"The postbiotic ReFerm\u00ae versus standard nutritional support in advanced alcohol-related liver disease (GALA-POSTBIO): a randomized controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Hansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701","article-title":"Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Kleiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12030211","article-title":"High-throughput UHPLC-MS to screen metabolites in feces for gut metabolic health","volume":"12","author":"de Zawadzki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9090184","article-title":"Targeted clinical metabolite profiling platform for the stratification of diabetic patients","volume":"9","author":"Ahonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0684-8","article-title":"NG-meta-profiler: fast processing of metagenomes using NGLess, a domain-specific language","volume":"7","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08844-4","article-title":"Microbial abundance, activity and population genomic profiling with mOTUs2","volume":"10","author":"Milanese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac672","article-title":"GTDB-Tk v2: memory friendly classification with the genome taxonomy database","volume":"38","author":"Chaumeil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib33","first-page":"D621","article-title":"proGenomes2: an improved database for accurate and consistent habitat, taxonomic and functional annotations of prokaryotic genomes","volume":"48","author":"Mende","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04233-4","article-title":"Towards the biogeography of prokaryotic genes","volume":"601","author":"Coelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows\u2013Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx148","article-title":"Fast Genome-wide functional annotation through orthology assignment by eggNOG-Mapper","volume":"34","author":"Huerta-Cepas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib37","unstructured":"Gffquant (v2.9.1), https:\/\/github.com\/cschu\/gff_quantifier."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65088","article-title":"Integrating taxonomic, functional, and strain-level profiling of diverse microbial communities with bioBakery 3","volume":"10","author":"Beghini","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib39","series-title":"grp-bork\/nHUMAnN: v0.9.1","author":"Schudoma","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D777","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad943","article-title":"SPIRE: a searchable, planetary-scale mIcrobiome REsource","volume":"52","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B (Methodol)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5606","article-title":"Structure and chromosomal assignment of the sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP8B1) in human and mouse: eukaryotic cytochrome P-450 gene devoid of introns","volume":"56","author":"G\u00e5fvels","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.01.003","article-title":"Substrate specificity and inhibitor analyses of human steroid 5\u03b2-reductase (AKR1D1)","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.21176","article-title":"Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver","volume":"120","author":"Kullak-Ublick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21591","article-title":"Bile salt-dependent efflux of cellular phospholipids mediated by ATP binding cassette protein B4","volume":"46","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030469","article-title":"Microbial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: from alpha to omega","volume":"9","author":"Doden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007581","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolases: gatekeepers of bile acid metabolism and host-microbiome crosstalk in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Foley","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0628-3","article-title":"Taxonomic profiling and populational patterns of bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) genes based on worldwide human gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.05.004","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a bile acid inducible 7\u03b1-dehydroxylating operon in Clostridium hylemonae TN271","volume":"16","author":"Ridlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00817-24","article-title":"Systematic identification of secondary bile acid production genes in global microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0689-3","article-title":"Systematic assessment of secondary bile acid metabolism in gut microbes reveals distinct metabolic capabilities in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Heinken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2017.12.001","article-title":"Identification of a gene encoding a flavoprotein involved in bile acid metabolism by the human gut bacterium Clostridium scindens ATCC 35704","volume":"1863","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1093420","article-title":"The 7-\u03b1-dehydroxylation pathway: an integral component of gut bacterial bile acid metabolism and potential therapeutic target","volume":"13","author":"Wise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.07.012","article-title":"Diversity of bacteria exhibiting bile acid-inducible 7\u03b1-dehydroxylation genes in the human gut","volume":"17","author":"Vital","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14106","article-title":"Faecal microbiota from patients with cirrhosis has a low capacity to ferment non-digestible carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib56","first-page":"195","article-title":"Isolates from normal human intestinal flora but not lactic acid bacteria exhibit 7\u03b1- and 7\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities","volume":"16","author":"Lepercq","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01064-3","article-title":"Enlightening the taxonomy darkness of human gut microbiomes with a cultured biobank","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI152961","article-title":"Haploinsufficiency of CYP8B1 associates with increased insulin sensitivity in humans","volume":"132","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270117","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one on HepG2 cells: hypothetical role of acetaldehyde-modified delta4-3-ketosteroid-5beta-reductase (the 37-kd-liver protein) in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury in the rat","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153947","article-title":"AKR1D1 is a novel regulator of metabolic phenotype in human hepatocytes and is dysregulated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"99","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0222-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota and intestinal FXR mediate the clinical benefits of metformin","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0327","article-title":"Taurocholic acid promotes hepatic stellate cell activation via S1PR2\/p38 MAPK\/YAP signaling under cholestatic conditions","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CMH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v37.2.07","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"37","author":"Engen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330360","article-title":"Impact of acute alcohol consumption on circulating microbiome in asymptomatic alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"73","author":"Israelsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00376-3","article-title":"Utilizing the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Trebicka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27694","article-title":"Impaired uptake of conjugated bile acids and hepatitis b virus pres1-binding in Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide knockout mice","volume":"62","author":"Slijepcevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29325","article-title":"Hepatic bile acid uptake in humans and mice: multiple pathways and expanding potential role for gut-liver signaling","volume":"66","author":"Dawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-8-29","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis - early laparoskopic surgery versus antibiotic therapy and delayed elective cholecystectomy: ACDC-study","volume":"8","author":"Weigand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i2.157","article-title":"Hepatocellular transport proteins and their role in liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Stanca","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14619","article-title":"Gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor attenuates alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in mice","volume":"45","author":"Matye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01149","article-title":"Macrophage sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 blockade attenuates liver inflammation and fibrogenesis triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29076","article-title":"The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 in bile-acid\u2013induced cholangiocyte proliferation and cholestasis-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0152-8","article-title":"The bile salt export pump","volume":"453","author":"Stieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.113.054205","article-title":"Drug-induced perturbations of the bile acid pool, cholestasis, and hepatotoxicity: mechanistic considerations beyond the direct inhibition of the bile salt export pump","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00267.2012","article-title":"A novel mechanism for gut barrier dysfunction by dietary fat: epithelial disruption by hydrophobic bile acids","volume":"304","author":"Stenman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0648-7","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid","volume":"85","author":"Bernstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MPG.0000170600.80640.88","article-title":"Human hepatic mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species and undergo the permeability transition in response to hydrophobic bile acids","volume":"41","author":"Sokol","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5630","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5630","article-title":"Intestinal bile acid physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"14","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Augustin","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081374","article-title":"Key signaling in alcohol-associated liver disease: the role of bile acids","volume":"11","author":"Way","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00318-1","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in hepatobiliary disease","volume":"108","author":"Kowdley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1677","article-title":"Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection","volume":"15","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.09.076","article-title":"Anti-atherosclerotic actions of azelaic acid, an end product of linoleic acid peroxidation, in mice","volume":"209","author":"Litvinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1566-1","article-title":"Protective effects of azelaic acid against high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress in liver, kidney and heart of C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"377","author":"Muthulakshmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"}],"container-title":["JHEP Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555926001199?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589555926001199?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:30:00Z","timestamp":1783582200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589555926001199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589555926001199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5559","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alcohol-related liver disease disrupts bile acid homeostasis and gut microbial bile acid metabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JHEP Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2026.101848","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101848"}}