{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:51:52Z","timestamp":1771480312274,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115854GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTA2020-018205-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTA2020-018205-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005835","name":"American Museum of Natural History","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002911","name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK-TAF-6405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK-TAF-6405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FR-TAF-52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FR-TAF-52"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK-TAF-3494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK-TAF-3494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Human Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T09:36:57Z","timestamp":1750066617000},"page":"103704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Neanderthal cervical spine revisited"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"205","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1887-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Palancar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Bastir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib1","author":"Adams"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib76","series-title":"Human Evolutionary Anatomy: An Introduction to Human Evolution","author":"Aiello","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib2","first-page":"804","article-title":"Sur l'attitude, en station verticale, des N\u00e9anderthaliens","volume":"240","author":"Arambourg","year":"1955","journal-title":"C. R. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib3","series-title":"Le squelette moust\u00e9rien de Kebara 2","first-page":"113","article-title":"The vertebral column, thoracic cage and hyoid bone","author":"Arensburg","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.01.002","article-title":"The role of allometry and posture in the evolution of the hominin subaxial cervical spine","volume":"104","author":"Arlegi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23441","article-title":"Morphological integration in the gorilla, chimpanzee, and human neck","volume":"166","author":"Arlegi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.10.008","article-title":"The relevance of the first ribs of the El Sidr\u00f3n site (Asturias, Spain) for the understanding of the Neandertal thorax","volume":"80","author":"Bastir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.03.008","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphometrics of thoracic vertebrae in Neandertals and the fossil evidence from El Sidr\u00f3n (Asturias, Northern Spain)","volume":"108","author":"Bastir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib10","series-title":"Spinal Evolution","first-page":"361","article-title":"Geometric morphometric studies in the human spine","author":"Bastir","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1240-4","article-title":"Rib cage anatomy in Homo erectus suggests a recent evolutionary origin of modern human body shape","volume":"4","author":"Bastir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60837-2","article-title":"The atlas of StW 573 and the late emergence of human-like head mobility and brain metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Beaudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4236\/aa.2014.43017","article-title":"Foramen magnum orientation and its association with cervical lordosis: A model for reconstructing cervical curvature in archeological and extinct hominin specimens","volume":"4","author":"Been","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib14","series-title":"Spinal Evolution","first-page":"283","article-title":"The association between spinal posture and spinal biomechanics in modern humans: Implications for extinct hominins","author":"Been","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23559","article-title":"Evolution of spinopelvic alignment in hominins","volume":"300","author":"Been","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib16","first-page":"111","article-title":"L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints","volume":"6","author":"Boule","year":"1911","journal-title":"Ann. Paleontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib17","series-title":"Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives","first-page":"113","article-title":"Bioenergetic perspectives on Neanderthal thermoregulatory and activity budgets","author":"Churchill","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150305","article-title":"Uncinate processes and Luschka joints influence the biomechanics of the cervical spine: Quantification using a finite element model of the C5-C6 segment","volume":"15","author":"Clausen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib19","series-title":"Biomechanics of the Primate Skull Base","author":"Demes","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2747","article-title":"Discarded in the trash: burial of African slaves in Valle da Gafaria, Lagos, Portugal (15th\u201317th centuries)","volume":"29","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.02.003","article-title":"On the chest size of Kebara 2","volume":"70","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0125-4","article-title":"Ribcage measurements indicate greater lung capacity in Neanderthals and Lower Pleistocene hominins compared to modern humans","volume":"1","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib73","first-page":"A969","article-title":"The relative contribution of intervertebral disc to the curvatures of the vertebral column","volume":"21","author":"Gogen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anatomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13219-012-0064-4","article-title":"The presacral spine of the La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal: A revised inventory","volume":"25","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthropol. Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annpal.2012.07.002","article-title":"Back to the old man's back: Reassessment of the anatomical determination of the vertebrae of the Neandertal individual of La Chapelle-aux-Saints","volume":"99","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Paleontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.02.008","article-title":"The Neandertal vertebral column 1: The cervical spine","volume":"64","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.02.006","article-title":"The vertebral column of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal","volume":"64","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.01.006","article-title":"The Neandertal vertebral column 2: The lumbar spine","volume":"106","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.12.004","article-title":"La Ferrassie 1: New perspectives on a \u201cclassic\u201d Neandertal","volume":"117","author":"G\u00f3mez-Olivencia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib27","series-title":"Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds","first-page":"31","article-title":"Evolution of the vertebral column in Miocene hominoids and Plio-Pleistocene hominids","author":"Gommery","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291478","article-title":"Generalized Procrustes analysis","volume":"40","author":"Gower","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib29","first-page":"55","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the head-neck movement system of quadrupedal and bipedal mammals","volume":"186","author":"Graf","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib30","first-page":"103","article-title":"Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Gunz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib31","series-title":"Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology","first-page":"73","article-title":"Semilandmarks in three dimensions","author":"Gunz","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.04.004","article-title":"Principles for the virtual reconstruction of hominin crania","volume":"57","author":"Gunz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820745116","article-title":"Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal","volume":"116","author":"Haeusler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804150-00015","article-title":"The correlation between surface measurement of head and neck posture and the anatomic position of the upper cervical vertebrae","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0070","article-title":"The cranial base of Australopithecus afarensis: New insights from the female skull","volume":"365","author":"Kimbel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00869.2002","article-title":"Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans","volume":"94","author":"Legrand","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib37","series-title":"Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis","author":"Levangie","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14022","article-title":"How to make a digital reconstruction of the human ribcage","volume":"245","author":"L\u00f3pez-Rey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4202\/app.2009.0075","article-title":"The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount","volume":"55","author":"Mallison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/S1481803500013403","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital dislocation: Case report and discussion","volume":"8","author":"McKenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib41","series-title":"Functional biology of the Homo erectus axial skeleton from Dmanisi","author":"Meyer","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib42","series-title":"The Postcranial Anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis: New Insights from KSD-VP-1\/1","first-page":"63","article-title":"The cervical vertebrae of KSD-VP-1\/1","author":"Meyer","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.09.001","article-title":"Spinal cord evolution in early Homo","volume":"88","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib44","first-page":"286","article-title":"How did early hominins hold their heads? New evidence on head posture from the australopith cervical spine","volume":"162","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23448","article-title":"Neck function in early hominins and suspensory primates: Insights from the uncinate process","volume":"166","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.05.004","article-title":"Earliest axial fossils from the genus Australopithecus","volume":"132","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2023.1230707","article-title":"A new assemblage of late Neanderthal remains from Cova Simanya (NE Iberia)","volume":"11","author":"Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.4.319","article-title":"Biomechanical influences of head posture on occlusion: An experimental study using finite element analysis","volume":"24","author":"Motoyoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x","article-title":"Advances in geometric morphometrics","volume":"36","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib49","first-page":"59","article-title":"A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology","volume":"24","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22729","article-title":"Functional morphology of the primate head and neck","volume":"156","author":"Nalley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.03.010","article-title":"Functional analyses of the primate upper cervical vertebral column","volume":"107","author":"Nalley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13215","article-title":"Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomic variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neandertals","volume":"237","author":"Palancar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102897","article-title":"Comparative anatomy and 3D geometric morphometrics of the El Sidr\u00f3n atlases (C1)","volume":"149","author":"Palancar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib54","first-page":"97","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics of the human cervical vertebrae: Sexual and population variations","volume":"99","author":"Palancar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2000.19710103.x","article-title":"The study of morphological variation in the hominid fossil record: biology, landmarks and geometry","volume":"197","author":"O\u2019Higgins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103482","article-title":"Modern human atlas ranges of motion and Neanderthal estimations","volume":"187","author":"Palancar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38571-1","article-title":"Skeletal anomalies in the Neandertal family of El Sidr\u00f3n (Spain) support a role of inbreeding in Neandertal extinction","volume":"9","author":"R\u00edos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib57","series-title":"Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis","first-page":"217","article-title":"Morpho and Rvcg - Shape analysis in R: R-packages for geometric morphometrics, shape analysis, and surface manipulations","author":"Schlager","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290403","article-title":"Conditions for balancing the head in primates","volume":"29","author":"Schultz","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/24.5.447","article-title":"Cranio-cervical posture: A factor in the development and function of the dentofacial structures","volume":"24","author":"Solow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199902)108:2<205::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Kinematic data on primate head and neck posture: Implications for the evolution of basicranial flexion and an evaluation of registration planes used in paleoanthropology","volume":"108","author":"Strait","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1086\/401979","article-title":"Pathology and the posture of Neanderthal man","volume":"32","author":"Straus","year":"1957","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4202\/app.2009.0007","article-title":"Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals","volume":"54","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontol. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib63","first-page":"322","article-title":"The vertebral column of the Krapina Neanderthal man","volume":"89","author":"Toerien","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib64","series-title":"The Shanidar Neandertals","author":"Trinkaus","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330670105","article-title":"Pathology and the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal","volume":"67","author":"Trinkaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90071-6","article-title":"The Neandertal face: Evolutionary and functional perspectives on a recent hominid face","volume":"16","author":"Trinkaus","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib67","series-title":"The Krapina Human Postcranial Remains: Morphology, Morphometrics and Paleopathology","author":"Trinkaus","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814989115","article-title":"An abundance of developmental anomalies and abnormalities in Pleistocene people","volume":"115","author":"Trinkaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237580","article-title":"The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals: I. Resting position","volume":"61","author":"Vidal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13433","article-title":"Phenotypic integration of the cervical vertebrae in the Hominoidea (Primates)","volume":"72","author":"Villamil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2453","article-title":"Dental modifications in a skeletal sample of enslaved Africans found at Lagos (Portugal)","volume":"26","author":"Wasterlain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0047248425000570?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0047248425000570?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T21:30:33Z","timestamp":1754429433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0047248425000570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0047248425000570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704","relation":{},"ISSN":["0047-2484"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0047-2484","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Neanderthal cervical spine revisited","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Human Evolution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2025.103704","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103704"}}