{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:15:40Z","timestamp":1791101740837,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]],"date-time":"2009-09-23T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1253717458000},"page":"331-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Noroviruses in healthcare settings: a challenging problem"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1086\/315584","article-title":"The discovery of the 27 nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective","volume":"181","author":"Kapikian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237","article-title":"Norwalk virus: how infectious is it?","volume":"80","author":"Teunis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1309.061535","article-title":"Fecal viral concentration and diarrhea in norovirus gastroenteritis","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080117","article-title":"Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection","volume":"14","author":"Atmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02198-07","article-title":"Norovirus excretion in an aged-care setting","volume":"46","author":"Tu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01516-07","article-title":"Norovirus infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Ozawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1086\/502497","article-title":"A norovirus outbreak at a long term care facility: the role of environmental surface contamination","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.1.111","article-title":"Environmental swabs as a tool in norovirus outbreak investigation, including outbreaks on cruise ships","volume":"72","author":"Boxman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21217","article-title":"Quantitative detection of norovirus excretion in pediatric patients with cancer and prolonged gastroenteritis and shedding of norovirus","volume":"80","author":"Ludwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000247102.04997.e0","article-title":"Prolonged norovirus shedding in infants \u22646 months of age with gastroenteritis","volume":"26","author":"Murata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1086\/591627","article-title":"High prevalence of prolonged norovirus shedding and illness among hospitalized patients: a model for in vivo molecular evolution","volume":"198","author":"Siebenga","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.7.666","article-title":"Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: incidence and etiology","volume":"154","author":"de Wit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7190.1046","article-title":"Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive","volume":"318","author":"Wheeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006082","article-title":"A comparison of gastroenteritis in a general practice-based study and a community-based study","volume":"127","author":"de Wit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-143","article-title":"Aetiology of community-acquired, acute gastroenteritis in hospitalised adults: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080188","article-title":"Deaths from norovirus among the elderly, England and Wales","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283108965","article-title":"Progress in understanding norovirus epidemiology","volume":"21","author":"Koopmans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdm080","article-title":"Data quality of 5 years of central norovirus outbreak reporting in the European Network for food-borne viruses","volume":"30","author":"Kroneman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00499-08","article-title":"Analysis of integrated virological and epidemiological reports of norovirus outbreaks collected within the foodborne viruses in Europe Network from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2006","volume":"46","author":"Kroneman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0036-7","article-title":"Molecular changes in the norovirus polymerase gene and their association with incidence of GII.4 norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2001\u20132005","volume":"153","author":"Bruggink","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1086\/420888","article-title":"Outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships and on land: identification of a predominant circulating strain of norovirus \u2013 United States, 2002","volume":"190","author":"Widdowson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15641-9","article-title":"Increase in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Europe and epidemic spread of new norovirus variant","volume":"363","author":"Lopman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060800","article-title":"Gastroenteritis caused by norovirus GGII.4, The Netherlands, 1994\u20132005","volume":"13","author":"Siebenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2008.00200.x","article-title":"Passenger behavior associated with norovirus infection on board a cruise ship \u2013 Alaska","volume":"15","author":"Chimonas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800068527","article-title":"The role of the pre-symptomatic food handler in a common source outbreak of food-borne SRSV gastroenteritis in a group of hospitals","volume":"113","author":"Lo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001150","article-title":"An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers","volume":"121","author":"Parashar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540110080133","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation of a food-borne gastroenteritis outbreak caused by Norwalk-like virus in 30 day-care centres","volume":"34","author":"G\u00f6tz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800056776","article-title":"Outbreak of SRSV gastroenteritis at an international conference traced to food handled by a post-symptomatic caterer","volume":"111","author":"Patterson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1501.080673","article-title":"Foodborne viruses in Europe Network. Selection tool for foodborne norovirus outbreaks","volume":"15","author":"Verhoef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib30","series-title":"Fields' virology","first-page":"841","article-title":"Human caliciviruses","author":"Green","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050031","article-title":"Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus persistence in human populations","volume":"5","author":"Lindesmith","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00674-07","article-title":"Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006","volume":"81","author":"Siebenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001485","article-title":"Analysis of amino acid variation in the P2 domain of the GII-4 norovirus VP1 protein reveals putative variant-specific epitopes","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.061567","article-title":"Emergence of new norovirus variants on spring cruise ships and prediction of winter epidemics","volume":"14","author":"Verhoef","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1086\/341408","article-title":"Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Rockx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1086\/421948","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of norovirus in health care settings","volume":"39","author":"Lopman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01299.x","article-title":"Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation","volume":"12","author":"Mattner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.03.015","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of nosocomial norovirus in Hong Kong","volume":"69","author":"Tsang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.07.001","article-title":"Long term features of norovirus gastroenteritis in the elderly","volume":"58","author":"Goller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01428-07","article-title":"Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during waste water treatment, using RT\u2013PCR: different behaviors of GI and GII","volume":"73","author":"da Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.11.018","article-title":"Norovirus in a Dutch tertiary care hospital (2002\u20132007): frequent nosocomial transmission and dominance of GIIb strains in young children","volume":"71","author":"Beersma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0909.020766","article-title":"Early identification of common-source foodborne virus outbreaks in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Koopmans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00107-7","article-title":"Viruses detected in the caecum contents of healthy pigs representing a new genetic cluster in genogroup II of the genus \u201cNorwalk-like viruses\u201d","volume":"87","author":"Sugieda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050485","article-title":"Porcine noroviruses related to human noroviruses","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10372","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00809-06","article-title":"Pathogenesis of a genogroup II human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"80","author":"Cheetham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980103","article-title":"Calicivirus emergence from ocean reservoirs: zoonotic and interspecies movements","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.12.018","article-title":"Closure of medical departments during nosocomial outbreaks: data from a systematic analysis of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.030941","article-title":"Epidemiology and cost of nosocomial gastroenteritis, Avon, England, 2002\u20132003","volume":"10","author":"Lopman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1086\/502538","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of the source (patient versus staff) on nosocomial norovirus outbreak severity","volume":"26","author":"Mattner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesema IHM, Vennema H, Heijne JCM, et\u00a0al. Norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes. The evaluation of infection control measures. Epidemiol. Infect 2009 (e-pub ahead of print).","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880900274X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.11.018","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus","volume":"68","author":"Lages","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19478-0","article-title":"Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses","volume":"85","author":"Duizer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib53","series-title":"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care (advanced draft)","author":"World Alliance for Patient Safety","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2597","article-title":"Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention","volume":"121","author":"Sandora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670109002801?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670109002801?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T19:55:18Z","timestamp":1558554918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195670109002801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195670109002801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.06.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6701","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}