{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:37:32Z","timestamp":1792701452938,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","journalofhospitalinfection.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T17:18:51Z","timestamp":1473441531000},"page":"213-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":324,"title":["Acquired resistance to chlorhexidine \u2013 is it time to establish an \u2018antiseptic stewardship\u2019 initiative?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Kampf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1954.tb00840.x","article-title":"1:6-Di-4\u2032-chlorophenyldiguanidohexane (\u201cHibitane\u201d). Laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"1954","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12312","article-title":"The effectiveness of different concentrations of chlorhexidine for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.01.003","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections","volume":"39","author":"O'Grady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00244-5","article-title":"Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone iodine-alcohol, with and without skin scrubbing, for prevention of intravascular-catheter-related infection (CLEAN): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, two-by-two factorial trial","volume":"386","author":"Mimoz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1275525","article-title":"Epidemiology of infections acquired in intensive care units","volume":"32","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000165","article-title":"The effect of chlorhexidine bathing on rates of nosocomial infections among the critically ill population: an analysis of current clinical research and recommendations for practice","volume":"35","author":"Raines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dimensions Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810988","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis","volume":"362","author":"Darouiche","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(08)60008-0","article-title":"What is left to justify the use of chlorhexidine in hand hygiene?","volume":"70","author":"Kampf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02814-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene","volume":"356","author":"Pittet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.05.020","article-title":"Does microbial resistance or adaptation to biocides create a hazard in infection prevention and control?","volume":"76","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00138-07","article-title":"Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants","volume":"51","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90730-7","article-title":"Evaluation of single-use packs of hospital disinfectants","volume":"1","author":"Farrand","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00244-3","article-title":"Do chlorhexidine patient baths prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections?","volume":"16","author":"Rupp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65s","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.4.x","article-title":"Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance","volume":"92","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00430-07","article-title":"Efflux-related resistance to norfloxacin, dyes, and biocides in bloodstream isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"51","author":"DeMarco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib16","first-page":"252","article-title":"Epidemiologie und Ursachen mikrobieller Biozidresistenzen","volume":"197","author":"Kaulfers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zentralbl Hygiene Umweltmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib17","first-page":"232","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Epidemiologie mikrobieller Biozidresistenzen","volume":"197","author":"Hingst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zentralbl Hygiene Umweltmed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00198.x","article-title":"Plasmids and bacterial resistance to biocides","volume":"83","author":"Russell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.03.021","article-title":"Klebsiella oxytoca with reduced sensitivity to chlorhexidine isolated from a diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"34","author":"Vali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01771-15","article-title":"Recurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous abscesses and selection of reduced chlorhexidine susceptibility during chlorhexidine use","volume":"53","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086669","article-title":"Evaluation of epidemiological cut-off values indicates that biocide resistant subpopulations are uncommon in natural isolates of clinically-relevant microorganisms","volume":"9","author":"Morrissey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(87)90122-8","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of hospital isolates of gram-negative bacteria to antiseptics and disinfectants","volume":"9","author":"Hammond","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1204","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance as an indicator of bacterial chlorhexidine susceptibility","volume":"51","author":"Koljalg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib24","first-page":"535","article-title":"QacEdelta1 gene frequency and biocide resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates","volume":"64","author":"Pastrana-Carrasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista de investigacion clinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1981.13","article-title":"Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients","volume":"19","author":"Stickler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.02.007","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine among extremely-drug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"81","author":"Naparstek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.03.003","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae susceptibility to biocides and its association with cepA, qacDeltaE and qacE efflux pump genes and antibiotic resistance","volume":"81","author":"Abuzaid","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13184","article-title":"Disinfectant susceptibility of different Salmonella serotypes isolated from chicken and egg production chains","volume":"121","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.3.288","article-title":"Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections","volume":"33","author":"Stickler","year":"1980","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.67.202","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro induction\u00a0of\u00a0chlorhexidine- and benzalkonium-resistance in clinically isolated\u00a0Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"67","author":"Kurihara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.15.1.166-168.1982","article-title":"Isolation of chlorhexidine-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from clinical lesions","volume":"1","author":"Nakahara","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.27.6.463","article-title":"Comparative sensitivity and resistance of some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri to antibacterial agents","volume":"27","author":"Russell","year":"1974","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01460.x","article-title":"The relationship and susceptibilities of some industrial laboratory and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to some antibiotics and biocides","volume":"91","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq227","article-title":"Correlation between reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and multidrug resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter species","volume":"65","author":"Kawamura-Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.07.001","article-title":"Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on acquisition of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in the medical intensive care unit with CRAB endemicity","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00253.x","article-title":"Resistance to antibiotics\u00a0and biocides among non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Higgins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.20.4.691-695.1984","article-title":"Outbreak of nosocomial urinary tract infections caused by Serratia marcescens","volume":"20","author":"Okuda","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.27.4.284","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in Proteus mirabilis","volume":"27","author":"Stickler","year":"1974","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00761-12","article-title":"High rate of qacA- and qacB-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from chlorhexidine-impregnated catheter-related bloodstream infections","volume":"56","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib40","first-page":"630","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance characteristics of and disinfectant-resistant gene distribution in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from male urogenital tract infection","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhonghua nan ke xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.02.018","article-title":"Prevalence of antiseptic-resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci colonising nurses and the general population in Hong Kong","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2015.11.005","article-title":"Chlorhexidine and mupirocin susceptibilities in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bacteraemia and nasal colonisation","volume":"4","author":"Munoz-Gallego","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn208","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of chlorhexidine susceptibilities of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates at a teaching hospital in Taiwan","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.014","article-title":"Epidemiology and susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan: emphasis on chlorhexidine susceptibility","volume":"63","author":"Sheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01623-12","article-title":"Chlorhexidine and mupirocin susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from colonized nursing home residents","volume":"57","author":"McDanel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.11.025","article-title":"Prevalence of resistance to antiseptics and mupirocin among invasive coagulase-negative staphylococci from very preterm neonates in NICU: the creeping threat?","volume":"83","author":"Lepainteur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.015","article-title":"Susceptibility to chlorhexidine amongst multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from bloodstream infections","volume":"48","author":"Hijazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-124","article-title":"Biocide and copper tolerance in enterococci from different sources","volume":"76","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Food Prot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(99)90424-3","article-title":"Antibiotic and biocide resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus","volume":"43","author":"Suller","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02140-15","article-title":"High prevalence of biocide resistance determinants in aureus isolates from three African countries","volume":"60","author":"Conceicao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg099","article-title":"Effects of ortho-phthalaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine diacetate on Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium abscessus strains with modified permeability","volume":"51","author":"Fraud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00833-8","article-title":"Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings to clinical and environmental situations","volume":"3","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0851","article-title":"Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effect of a \u201cresidual\u201d concentration","volume":"46","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.10.929","article-title":"Sensitivity of urine-grown cells of Providencia stuartii to antiseptics","volume":"31","author":"Thomas","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(87)90029-6","article-title":"The resistance of urinary tract pathogens to chlorhexidine bladder washouts","volume":"10","author":"Stickler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1086\/501996","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from the surfaces of dispensers of soap containing chlorhexidine","volume":"23","author":"Brooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.12.019","article-title":"Varying activity of chlorhexidine-based disinfectants against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and adapted strains","volume":"93","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892003000800006","article-title":"Microbial contamination of disinfectants and antiseptics in four major hospitals in Trinidad","volume":"14","author":"Gajadhar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pan Am J Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12707","article-title":"Characterization of antibiotic and disinfectant susceptibility profiles among Pseudomonas aeruginosa veterinary isolates recovered during 1994\u20132003","volume":"118","author":"Beier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00422","article-title":"Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials","volume":"4","author":"Morita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4478","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01072-08","article-title":"MexCD-OprJ multidrug efflux system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in chlorhexidine resistance and induction by membrane-damaging agents dependent upon the AlgU stress response sigma factor","volume":"52","author":"Fraud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg173","article-title":"Induction of mexCD-oprJ operon for a multidrug efflux pump by disinfectants in wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1","volume":"51","author":"Morita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00206-5","article-title":"Outer membrane changes in Pseudomonas stutzeri resistant to chlorhexidine diacetate and cetylpyridinium chloride","volume":"16","author":"Tattawasart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.145","article-title":"Cytological changes in chlorhexidine-resistant isolates of Pseudomonas stutzeri","volume":"45","author":"Tattawasart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47668-0","article-title":"Efficacy of common hospital biocides with biofilms of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.9.815","article-title":"Sensitivity of Providencia to antiseptics and disinfectants","volume":"29","author":"Stickler","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01744.x","article-title":"Resistance of Providencia stuartii to chlorhexidine: a consideration of the role of the inner membrane","volume":"60","author":"Ismaeel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq435","article-title":"Exposure of Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 to the biocide chlorhexidine leads to acquired resistance to the biocide itself and to oxidants","volume":"66","author":"Fuangthong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1086\/674404","article-title":"Increase in chlorhexidine minimal inhibitory concentration of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates after implementation of advanced source control","volume":"35","author":"Apisarnthanarak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01982","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01982-14","article-title":"Homologs of the Acinetobacter baumannii AceI transporter represent a new family of bacterial multidrug efflux systems","volume":"6","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib71","first-page":"586","article-title":"Outbreak of infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase SHV-5-producing Serratia marcescens in a Mexican hospital","volume":"20","author":"Espinosa de los Monteros","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600671134","article-title":"Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics","volume":"67","author":"Prince","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/15.5.559","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility of Serratia marcescens to chlorhexidine related to the inner membrane","volume":"15","author":"Lannigan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5230","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00631-09","article-title":"Mutational upregulation of a resistance\u2013nodulation\u2013cell division-type multidrug efflux pump, SdeAB, upon exposure to a biocide, cetylpyridinium chloride, and antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens","volume":"53","author":"Maseda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.110.6_414","article-title":"Studies on resistant mechanisms in the resistant bacteria to chlorhexidine. II. Chemical components of the cell membrane and the electron microscopical observation of cell surface structure of chlorhexidine-resistant bacteria","volume":"110","author":"Ohta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000239451","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine","volume":"42","author":"Irizarry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1609","article-title":"Susceptibility of community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from faeces to antiseptics","volume":"6","author":"Akinkunmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X10666150623093259","article-title":"Antiseptic resistance in methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from some major hospitals, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Hasanvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.1997","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC? An in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo assessment","volume":"35","author":"Cookson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib80","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in the neonatal intensive care unit: an infection prevention and patient safety challenge","volume":"645","author":"Reich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.890177","article-title":"Relationship between the resistance genes to quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from surgical site infections","volume":"20","author":"Duran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000341222","article-title":"Analysis of the adaptation capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to commonly used antiseptics by microplate laser nephelometry","volume":"25","author":"Wiegand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.06.009","article-title":"Role of EfrAB efflux pump in biocide tolerance and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from traditional fermented foods and the effect of EDTA as EfrAB inhibitor","volume":"44","author":"Lavilla Lerma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1556\/EuJMI-D-14-00038","article-title":"Review and phylogenetic analysis of qac genes that reduce susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds in Staphylococcus species","volume":"5","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm395","article-title":"The association between biocide tolerance and the presence or absence of qac genes among hospital-acquired and community-acquired MRSA isolates","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.04.019","article-title":"Distribution of disinfectant resistance genes qacA\/B in clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in one Belgrade hospital","volume":"76","author":"Opacic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.01.011","article-title":"Widespread distribution of qacA\/B gene among coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"75","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3630","article-title":"Multidrug resistance proteins QacA and QacB from Staphylococcus aureus: membrane topology and identification of residues involved in substrate specificity","volume":"93","author":"Paulsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902856545","article-title":"Sensitivities to biocides and distribution of biocide resistance genes in quaternary ammonium compound tolerant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a teaching hospital","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.023","article-title":"Frequency of biocide-resistant genes and susceptibility to chlorhexidine in high-level mupirocin-resistant, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MuH MRSA)","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir233","article-title":"Impact of combined low-level mupirocin and genotypic chlorhexidine resistance on persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage after decolonization therapy: a case\u2013control study","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02011-15","article-title":"Clinical and molecular features of decreased chlorhexidine susceptibility among nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus isolates at Texas Children\u2019s Hospital","volume":"60","author":"McNeil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.12.x","article-title":"Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.04.015","article-title":"High prevalence of qacA\/B carriage among clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Malaysia","volume":"81","author":"Shamsudin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762007000400018","article-title":"The presence of qacA\/B gene in Brazilian methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"102","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks035","article-title":"Prevalence of antiseptic resistance genes qacA\/B and specific sequence types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the era of hand hygiene","volume":"67","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2013.0222","article-title":"Methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high-level antiseptic and low-level mupirocin resistance in Malaysia","volume":"20","author":"Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.025","article-title":"Coexistence of mupirocin and antiseptic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Korea","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.896","article-title":"Distribution of the\u00a0antiseptic resistance genes qacA, qacB and qacC in 497 methicillin-resistant and -susceptible European isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Mayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2008.05.009","article-title":"Distribution of antiseptic-resistance genes qacA\/B in clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in China","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45902-0","article-title":"Susceptibilities to antiseptic agents and distribution of antiseptic-resistance genes qacA\/B and smr of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Asia during 1998 and 1999","volume":"54","author":"Noguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.12.007","article-title":"The effect of targeted decolonization on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization or infection in a surgical intensive care unit","volume":"44","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02690-05","article-title":"Antimicrobial agent of susceptibilities and antiseptic resistance gene distribution among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with impetigo and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Noguchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903765826697","article-title":"Analysis on distribution and genomic diversity of high-level antiseptic resistance genes qacA and qacB in human clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib105","first-page":"537","article-title":"Identification of active efflux system gene qacA\/B in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and its significance","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhong nan da xue xue bao Yi xue ban"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318271c4e0","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric oncology patients: high rates of antimicrobial resistance, antiseptic tolerance and complications","volume":"32","author":"McNeil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-153","article-title":"Current status of Staphylococcus aureus infection in a central teaching hospital in Shanghai, China","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.4409","article-title":"Investigation of the presence of disinfectant resistance genes qaca\/b in nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates and evaluation of their in\u00a0vitro disinfectant susceptibilities","volume":"47","author":"Aykan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mikrobiyoloji bulteni"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm520","article-title":"Frequency of biocide resistance genes, antibiotic resistance and the effect of chlorhexidine exposure on clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates","volume":"61","author":"Vali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku456","article-title":"Characteristics of qacA\/B-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients and a hospital environment in China","volume":"70","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00031","article-title":"Current molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in elderly French people: troublesome clones on the horizon","volume":"7","author":"Rondeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.1","article-title":"Prevalence of qacA\/B genes and mupirocin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates in the setting of chlorhexidine bathing without mupirocin","volume":"37","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01707-10","article-title":"Distribution of antiseptic resistance genes qacA, qacB, and smr in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Toronto, Canada, from 2005 to 2009","volume":"55","author":"Longtin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02419-14","article-title":"Prevalence of chlorhexidine-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following prolonged exposure","volume":"58","author":"Schlett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.06.006","article-title":"Rapid and simultaneous detection of the chlorhexidine and mupirocin resistance genes qacA\/B and mupA in clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"77","author":"McGann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000022","article-title":"Determining the resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to common disinfectants and elucidating the underlying resistance mechanisms","volume":"109","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-015-0071-7","article-title":"Extremely high prevalence of antiseptic resistant Quaternary Ammonium Compound E gene among clinical isolates of multiple drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"Babaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16550","article-title":"Prevalence of antiseptic-resistance genes in staphylococci isolated from orthokeratology lens and spectacle wearers in Hong Kong","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02707-13","article-title":"Decreased susceptibilities to retapamulin, mupirocin, and chlorhexidine among Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections in otherwise healthy children","volume":"58","author":"McNeil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001773742","article-title":"Do biocides select for antibiotic resistance?","volume":"52","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2151","article-title":"Possible link between bacterial resistance and use of antibiotics and biocides","volume":"42","author":"Russell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150310103238","article-title":"Significant differences characterise the correlation coefficients between biocide and antibiotic susceptibility profiles in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"21","author":"Oggioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02345.x","article-title":"Comparative analysis of antibiotic and antimicrobial biocide susceptibility data in clinical isolates of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa between 1989 and 2000","volume":"97","author":"Lambert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn540","article-title":"Biocide susceptibility of the Burkholderia cepacia complex","volume":"63","author":"Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0702","article-title":"Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from turkeys in commercial processing plants for resistance to antibiotics, disinfectants, and a growth promoter","volume":"8","author":"Beier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib126","first-page":"11","article-title":"Resistance of 700 gram-negative bacterial strains to antiseptics and antibiotics","volume":"22","author":"Maris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annales de recherches veterinaires"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv262","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to biocides in Acinetobacter baumannii: association with resistance to antimicrobials, epidemiological behaviour, biological cost and effect on the expression of genes encoding porins and efflux pumps","volume":"70","author":"Fernandez-Cuenca","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096288","article-title":"Role of novel multidrug efflux pump involved in drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02284-12","article-title":"KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance","volume":"57","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.9.3734-3742.2005","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain that caused an outbreak in a neurosurgery ward and its aac(6\u2032)-Iae gene cassette encoding a novel aminoglycoside acetyltransferase","volume":"49","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib131","first-page":"177","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from clinical lesions","volume":"251","author":"Nakahara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg, I Abt Orig B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12320","article-title":"The effect of cationic microbicide exposure against Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc); the use of Burkholderia lata strain 383 as a model bacterium","volume":"115","author":"Knapp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.291","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance patterns of colonizing flora on nurses\u2019 hands in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"35","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02595-15","article-title":"Chlorhexidine induces VanA-type vancomycin resistance genes in enterococci","volume":"60","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05009-14","article-title":"Characterization of pre-antibiotic era Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with respect to antibiotic\/disinfectant susceptibility and virulence in Galleria mellonella","volume":"59","author":"Wand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-853-9_23","article-title":"What antimicrobial resistance has taught us about horizontal gene transfer","volume":"532","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-40-3-214","article-title":"Multidrug resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants in coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"40","author":"Leelaporn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/017418-0","article-title":"Analysis of the pSK1 replicon, a prototype from the staphylococcal multiresistance plasmid family","volume":"154","author":"Kwong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.1412","article-title":"Transduction of the plasmid encoding antiseptic resistance gene qacB in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"30","author":"Nakaminami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.2.156","article-title":"Cerebral ventriculitis associated with Achromobacter xylosoxidans","volume":"31","author":"Shigeta","year":"1978","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1177\/003693308903400506","article-title":"Serratia marcescens outbreak in a paediatric oncology unit traced to contaminated chlorhexidine","volume":"34","author":"McAllister","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scot Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(87)90027-2","article-title":"A\u00a0hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic-resistant Proteus mirabilis","volume":"10","author":"Dance","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1086\/648717","article-title":"Efficacy and limitation of a chlorhexidine-based decolonization strategy in preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit","volume":"50","author":"Batra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12239","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to chlorhexidine and prevalence of disinfectant resistance genes among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"122","author":"Prag","year":"2014","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2008.02.019","article-title":"A\u00a0three-year surveillance of nosocomial infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus in newborns reveals the disinfectant as a possible reservoir","volume":"57","author":"Ben Saida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathologie-biologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1246","article-title":"Association between intensity of chlorhexidine use and microorganisms of reduced susceptibility in a hospital environment","volume":"51","author":"Block","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(93)90014-Q","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity in\u00a0vitro of chlorhexidine, a mixture of isothiazolinones (\u2018Kathon\u2019 CG) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)","volume":"23","author":"Nicoletti","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.11.009","article-title":"Use of a predictive protocol to measure the antimicrobial resistance risks associated with biocidal product usage","volume":"44","author":"Wesgate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.02.008","article-title":"Evolution of resistance to cationic biocides in Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"47","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.5.1158","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to chlorhexidine and six other antimicrobial agents","volume":"37","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1995.tb00007.x","article-title":"Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus to antimicrobial agents after short-term oral chlorhexidine treatments","volume":"103","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.10.007","article-title":"Hospital hand hygiene opportunities: where and when (HOW2)? The HOW2 Benchmark Study","volume":"39","author":"Steed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib153","series-title":"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. First Global Patient Safety Challenge \u2013 Clean Care is Safer Care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2542-z","article-title":"Chlorhexidine body washing to control antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Derde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intens Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1086\/678427","article-title":"Effectiveness of a dental care intervention in the prevention of lower respiratory tract nosocomial infections among intensive care patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Bellissimo-Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.12.007","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia and oral care: a successful quality improvement project","volume":"37","author":"Hutchins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0899823X00193894","article-title":"Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in acute care hospitals: 2014 update","volume":"35","author":"Klompas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.359","article-title":"Reappraisal of routine oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate for patients receiving mechanical ventilation: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Klompas","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00049-15","article-title":"Decolonization in prevention of health care-associated infections","volume":"29","author":"Septimus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.73-78.2004","article-title":"Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross-resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"42","author":"Braoudaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2014.06.010","article-title":"Measuring residual activity of topical antimicrobials: is the residual activity of chlorhexidine an artefact of laboratory methods?","volume":"88","author":"Rutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku522","article-title":"Acquisition of high-level mupirocin resistance in CoNS following nasal decolonization with mupirocin","volume":"70","author":"Hetem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv169","article-title":"Mupirocin resistance: clinical implications and potential alternatives for the eradication of MRSA","volume":"70","author":"Poovelikunnel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.03.003","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated high-level mupirocin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in four Spanish health care settings","volume":"303","author":"Perez-Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670116303747?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670116303747?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T01:28:39Z","timestamp":1657243719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195670116303747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195670116303747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6701","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acquired resistance to chlorhexidine \u2013 is it time to establish an \u2018antiseptic stewardship\u2019 initiative?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hospital Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}