{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:09:41Z","timestamp":1760425781319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofhospitalinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T11:26:28Z","timestamp":1582802788000},"page":"205-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the environment of public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.O.","family":"Shobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.T.","family":"Zishiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.A.","family":"Bester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib1","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Update on bacterial nosocomial infections","volume":"16","author":"Bereket","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.12.001","article-title":"Prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections in Argentina; comparison with England, Wales, Northern Ireland and South Africa","volume":"80","author":"Durlach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2016.v106i5.10783","article-title":"Active surveillance of hospital-acquired infections in South Africa: implementation, impact and challenges","volume":"106","author":"Lowman","year":"2016","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1405012","article-title":"Health and health care in South Africa \u2013 20 years after Mandela","volume":"371","author":"Mayosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1086\/651096","article-title":"Hand hygiene noncompliance and the cost of hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"31","author":"Cummings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib6","first-page":"99","article-title":"Prevalence and knowledge of salmonella infections among food handlers: implications for school health in Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Adebimpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"SMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.12.013","article-title":"A\u00a0review of nosocomial salmonella outbreaks: infection control interventions found effective","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.9","article-title":"Assessing the likelihood of hand-to-hand cross-transmission of bacteria: an experimental study","volume":"38","author":"Bellissimo-Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02422-13","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium primarily affecting a pediatric ward in South Africa in 2012","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics","author":"World Health Organization","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib10"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v5.i2.111","article-title":"Association between infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and mortality in critically ill patients","volume":"5","author":"Paramythiotou","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib12","article-title":"Catalase test protocol, resource was peer-reviewed at the ASM Conference for undergraduate educators 2010","author":"Reiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken eggs sold in Ilorin, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Michael","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00129","article-title":"The role of the spv genes in salmonella pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Guiney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v83i1.1109","article-title":"Salmonella contamination, serovars and antimicrobial resistance profiles of cattle slaughtered in South Africa","volume":"83","author":"Madoroba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th ed. CLSI supplement M100S","key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib16"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in\u00a0vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pharm Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6823","article-title":"Distribution of repetitive DNA sequences in eubacteria and application to fingerprinting of bacterial enomes","volume":"19","author":"Versalovic","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.13.1.58","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profile and clonality of E.\u00a0coli isolated from water and paediatric stool samples in the North-West Province South Africa","volume":"13","author":"O Chukwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2015.1086975","article-title":"ERIC-PCR genotyping of field isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum","volume":"44","author":"Secundo de Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx070","article-title":"Salmonella virulence plasmid: pathogenesis and ecology","volume":"75","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib22","first-page":"777","article-title":"Occurrence of spvA virulence gene and clinical significance for multidrug-resistant salmonella strains","volume":"47","author":"Gebreyes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v7i2.887","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance trends of ESKAPE pathogens in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: a five-year retrospective analysis","volume":"7","author":"Ramsamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_30_18","article-title":"Presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria on mobile phones of healthcare workers accelerates the spread of nosocomial infection and regarded as a threat to public health in Bangladesh","volume":"6","author":"Debnath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Microsc Ultrastruct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.53222","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of mobile phones of health care workers","volume":"27","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2017.01.019","article-title":"Nosocomial infections: epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0385-2","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of frequently touched objects in a tertiary care hospital of Pokhara, Nepal: how safe are our hands?","volume":"7","author":"Bhatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.02.017","article-title":"Role of healthcare apparel and other healthcare textiles in the transmission of pathogens: a review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005283","article-title":"Modeling the potential for vaccination to diminish the burden of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease in young children in Mali, West Africa","volume":"11","author":"Bornstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nontyphoid salmonella infection: microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7593","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and associated risk factors in community infants in Lebanon","volume":"10","author":"Hijazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1068119","article-title":"Infection control precautions for visitors to healthcare facilities","volume":"13","author":"Banach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.324","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. from the farm-to-fork continuum in intensive poultry production in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"692","author":"Molechan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E59","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12090","article-title":"The critical influence of the intermediate category on interpretation errors in revised EUCAST and CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility testing guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Hombach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180040","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0040","article-title":"The evolution of antibiotic resistance in a structured host population","volume":"15","author":"Blanquart","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib36","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1 \u2013 causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"P\u00a0T"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2171","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"147","author":"Mehrad","year":"2015","journal-title":"CHEST: Off Publ Am College Chest Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01783.x","article-title":"The putative iron transport system SitABCD encoded on SPI1 is required for full virulence of Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"35","author":"Janakiraman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670120300931?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670120300931?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:15:41Z","timestamp":1759292141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195670120300931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0195670120300931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6701"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0195-6701"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Surveillance of Salmonella spp. in the environment of public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hospital Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.02.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}