{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:51:28Z","timestamp":1780390288293,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofhospitalinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T04:31:04Z","timestamp":1703737864000},"page":"111-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Haemostatic discs demonstrate physical efficacy against microbes commonly associated with central-line-associated bloodstream infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"K.L.","family":"Gough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.R.","family":"Dargaville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.J.","family":"Ullman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.S.","family":"Pelzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1331","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1507","article-title":"Complications of central venous access devices: a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Ullman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.05.007","article-title":"Prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections","volume":"31","author":"Bell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3474H","article-title":"Selection and insertion of vascular access devices in pediatrics: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"Paterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-86","article-title":"Incidence of catheter-related complications in patients with central venous or hemodialysis catheters: a health care claims database analysis","volume":"13","author":"Napalkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177418805836","article-title":"Evaluation of Skin Colonisation And Placement of vascular access device Exit sites (ESCAPE Study)","volume":"20","author":"Moureau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021040","article-title":"Appraising the quality standard underpinning international clinical practice guidelines for the selection and care of vascular access devices: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"8","author":"Blanco-Mavillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14248","article-title":"Central venous catheter placement in coagulopathic patients: risk factors and incidence of bleeding complications","volume":"57","author":"van de Weerdt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib8","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 8th Edition","volume":"44","author":"Gorski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infus Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31824e0d46","article-title":"Dressing disruption is a major risk factor for catheter-related infections","volume":"40","author":"Timsit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib10","first-page":"CD009213","article-title":"Frequency of dressing changes for central venous access devices on catheter-related infections","volume":"2","author":"Gavin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The skin microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00112-16","article-title":"Current and emerging topical antibacterials and antiseptics: agents, action, and resistance patterns","volume":"30","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.4.627","article-title":"Effect of topical antimicrobial treatment on aerobic bacteria in the stratum corneum of human skin","volume":"35","author":"Hendley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.12.012","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections studies project: An American Journal of Infection Control and National Healthcare Safety Network data quality collaboration: Location mapping","volume":"46","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1511-29","article-title":"Central line-associated blood stream infections: characteristics and risk factors for mortality over a 5.5-year period","volume":"47","author":"Atilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.579","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the mechanisms of infection associated with hemodialysis catheters","volume":"154","author":"Cheesbrough","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505023121802","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments","volume":"312","author":"Cooper","year":"1985","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90369-9","article-title":"The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping","volume":"91","author":"Mermel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2045-z","article-title":"The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters","volume":"30","author":"Safdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib20","series-title":"Australian guidelines for the prevention and control of infection in healthcare","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib21","series-title":"The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action","author":"(WHO) WHO","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib22","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Approved standard M100-S20","author":"Cockerill","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2021.12.030","article-title":"Radial hemostasis is facilitated with a potassium ferrate hemostatic patch: the STAT2 Trial","volume":"15","author":"Safirstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2309\/java.15-2-4","article-title":"The science of a \u201cSeal\u201d for PICC line management: BioSeal CVC powder: an alternative hemostatic agent that keeps sites dry and intact","volume":"15","author":"Blough","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Vascular Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.06.001","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated central-line dressings and necrosis in complicated skin disorder patients","volume":"29","author":"Wall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.903","article-title":"Chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated central access catheter dressings as a cause of erosive contact dermatitis: a report of 7 cases","volume":"149","author":"Weitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2016561","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings and prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"36","author":"Duzkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000319","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Safdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1431","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial comparing povidone-iodine to a chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated dressing for prevention of central venous catheter infections in neonates","volume":"10","author":"Garland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000172934.98865.14","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of colonization of central venous catheters in infants and children: a randomized controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104891","article-title":"Characterization of reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine among Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Leshem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","article-title":"Acquired resistance to chlorhexidine \u2013 is it time to establish an 'antiseptic stewardship' initiative?","volume":"94","author":"Kampf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117074","article-title":"Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19?","volume":"283","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0803600404","article-title":"Chlorhexidine--pharmacology and clinical applications","volume":"36","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.12.019","article-title":"Varying activity of chlorhexidine-based disinfectants against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and adapted strains","volume":"93","author":"Bock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050798","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance or cross-resistance, that is the question","volume":"12","author":"Abbood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000463","article-title":"Culture-independent detection of chlorhexidine resistance genes qacA\/B and smr in bacterial DNA recovered from body sites treated with chlorhexidine-containing dressings","volume":"66","author":"Choudhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib38","first-page":"CD010367","article-title":"Dressings and securement devices for central venous catheters (CVC)","volume":"2015","author":"Ullman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.07.028","article-title":"Reducing central-line-associated bloodstream infections by half: it is possible","volume":"128","author":"Saegeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.87","article-title":"Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update","volume":"43","author":"Buetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00628-23","article-title":"Insights into the synergistic antibacterial activity of silver nitrate with potassium tellurite against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Pormohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1021\/ar5004219","article-title":"Ferrates: greener oxidants with multimodal action in water treatment technologies","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.019","article-title":"Disinfection performance of Fe(VI) in water and wastewater: a review","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670123004140?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670123004140?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:23:45Z","timestamp":1759292625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195670123004140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0195670123004140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6701","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Haemostatic discs demonstrate physical efficacy against microbes commonly associated with central-line-associated bloodstream infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hospital Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.12.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}