{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:48:39Z","timestamp":1790189319626,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00002\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00002\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00040\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00040\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00034\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00034\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T023902\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T023902\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00002\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00002\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V006118\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V006118\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofhospitalinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1760100890000},"page":"71-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of spatial distance in SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial transmission"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0030-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.J.R.","family":"Illingworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Yahiaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.C.","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Thaxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Gouliouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Conway Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.B.","family":"Beggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Vanoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.L.","family":"Keevil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.J.B.","family":"Goudie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00251-6","article-title":"Applying prospective genomic surveillance to support investigation of hospital-onset COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07490-4","article-title":"The contribution of hospital-acquired infections to the COVID-19 epidemic in England in the first half of 2020","volume":"22","author":"Knight","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06634-z","article-title":"The burden and dynamics of hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 in England","volume":"623","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.44704","article-title":"Is nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 still worth preventing?","volume":"6","author":"Klompas","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.11.019","article-title":"Healthcare-acquired clusters of COVID-19 across multiple wards in a Scottish health board","volume":"120","author":"Dancer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67308","article-title":"Superspreaders drive the largest outbreaks of hospital onset COVID-19 infections","volume":"10","author":"Illingworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003816","article-title":"Transmission of community- and hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 in hospital settings in the UK: a cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1066390","article-title":"Multiple pathways of SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial transmission uncovered by integrated genomic and epidemiological analyses during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK","volume":"12","author":"Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib9","series-title":"Interventions to control nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study","author":"Pham","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09330-z","article-title":"Impact of interventions to reduce nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in English NHS Trusts: a computational modelling study","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30562-4","article-title":"Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study","volume":"20","author":"Meredith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65828","article-title":"Rapid feedback on hospital onset SARS-CoV-2 infections combining epidemiological and sequencing data","volume":"10","author":"Stirrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa079","article-title":"A Rosetta Stone for understanding infectious drops and aerosols","volume":"9","author":"Milton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.52439.1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and the role of close contact in transmission: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Onakpoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50228-8","article-title":"Assessing respiratory epidemic potential in French hospitals through collection of close contact data (April\u2013June 2020)","volume":"14","author":"Shirreff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00229-x","article-title":"Investigating healthcare worker mobility and patient contacts within a UK hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Wilson-Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284512","article-title":"Assessing spatiotemporal variability in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for hospital workers using routinely-collected data","volume":"18","author":"Wilson-Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01454-w","article-title":"Risk of nosocomial coronavirus disease 2019: comparison between single- and multiple-occupancy rooms","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142090","article-title":"The role of computational fluid dynamics tools on investigation of pathogen transmission: prevention and control","volume":"746","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib20","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies on airborne transmission in hospitals: a review on the research approaches and the challenges","volume":"63","author":"Tsang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25317-9","article-title":"The risk of indoor sports and culture events for the transmission of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Moritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108652","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics simulation of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol dispersion inside a grocery store","volume":"209","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47923-z","article-title":"The airborne transmission of viruses causes tight transmission bottlenecks","volume":"15","author":"Sinclair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2024.09.017","article-title":"Efficacy of air cleaning units for preventing SARS-CoV-2 and other hospital-acquired infections on medicine for older people wards: a quasi-experimental controlled before-and-after study","volume":"155","author":"Brock","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac025","article-title":"A2B-COVID: a tool for rapidly evaluating potential SARS-CoV-2 transmission events","volume":"39","author":"Illingworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91265-5","article-title":"Modeling of aerosol transmission of airborne pathogens in ICU rooms of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure","volume":"11","author":"Crawford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3280240","article-title":"Using accelerometers to measure physical activity in older patients admitted to hospital","volume":"2018","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12314","article-title":"Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indoor Air"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hospital Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670125002968?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0195670125002968?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T04:04:25Z","timestamp":1773288265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0195670125002968"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0195670125002968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-6701"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-6701","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of spatial distance in SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial transmission","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hospital Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.09.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}