{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T01:02:06Z","timestamp":1784336526931,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jhandsurg.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Hand Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T17:28:38Z","timestamp":1654190918000},"page":"719-726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Implicit and Explicit Factors That Influence Surgeons\u2019 Decision-Making for Distal Radius Fractures in Older Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Avi D.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis D.","family":"Blood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyra A.","family":"Benavent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon E.","family":"Earp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Akelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Blazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.jhsu025a0019","article-title":"Outcome following nonoperative treatment of displaced distal radius fractures in low-demand patients older than 60 years","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.01442","article-title":"Volar locked plating versus closed reduction and casting for acute, displaced distal radial fractures in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"102","author":"Stephens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19170","article-title":"UK DRAFFT: a randomised controlled trial of percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires versus volar locking-plate fixation in the treatment of adult patients with a dorsally displaced fracture of the distal radius","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib4","first-page":"229","article-title":"Outcomes and financial implications of intra-articular distal radius fractures: a comparative study of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with volar locking plates versus nonoperative management","volume":"18","author":"Toon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.05.003","article-title":"Association between radiological and patient-reported outcome in adults with a displaced distal radius fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Mulders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00968","article-title":"Distal radial fractures in the elderly: operative compared with nonoperative treatment","volume":"92","author":"Egol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.00561","article-title":"Outcomes and complications in the management of distal radial fractures in the elderly","volume":"102","author":"Degeorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.00768","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment compared with volar locking plate fixation for dorsally displaced distal radial fractures in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Saving","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01297","article-title":"Trends in the United States in the treatment of distal radial fractures in the elderly","volume":"91","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib10","series-title":"Thinking, Fast and Slow","author":"Kahneman","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib11","series-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance","first-page":"331","article-title":"Expertise in medicine and surgery","author":"Norman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2012.01900.x","article-title":"An integrated model of clinical reasoning: dual-process theory of cognition and metacognition","volume":"18","author":"Marcum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2014.03.030","article-title":"The science of medical decision making: neurosurgery, errors, and personal cognitive strategies for improving quality of care","volume":"82","author":"Fargen","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2007\/037","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of distal radius fractures","volume":"74","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib15","first-page":"779","article-title":"The treatment of displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures in elderly patients","volume":"111","author":"Bartl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.08.013","article-title":"Do radiographic indices of distal radius fracture reduction predict outcomes in older adults receiving conservative treatment?","volume":"62","author":"Jaremko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90028-0","article-title":"Factors affecting functional outcome of displaced intra-articular distal radius fractures","volume":"19","author":"Trumble","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01597","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective randomized trial comparing nonoperative treatment with volar locking plate fixation for displaced and unstable distal radial fractures in patients sixty-five years of age and older","volume":"93","author":"Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B2.25631","article-title":"What are the radiological predictors of functional outcome following fractures of the distal radius?","volume":"93","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B5.19448","article-title":"Do young patients with malunited fractures of the distal radius inevitably develop symptomatic post-traumatic osteoarthritis?","volume":"90","author":"Forward","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.99B3.35819","article-title":"Do radiological and functional outcomes correlate for fractures of the distal radius?","volume":"99-B","author":"Plant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00448","article-title":"Distal radial fracture treatment: what you get may depend on your age and address","volume":"91","author":"Fanuele","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.05.028","article-title":"The relationship between ASSH membership and the treatment of distal radius fracture in the United States Medicare population","volume":"36","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.06.066","article-title":"Does productivity-based physician compensation affect surgical rates for elective arthroplasty surgery?","volume":"35","author":"Molloy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210462","article-title":"Defining displacement thresholds for surgical intervention for distal radius fractures \u2013 a Delphi study","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000014","article-title":"Experimental vignette studies in survey research","volume":"6","author":"Atzm\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2014.12.001","article-title":"Vignette methodologies for\u00a0studying clinicians\u2019 decision-making: validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bch345","article-title":"Factorial surveys: using vignettes to study professional judgement","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-260","article-title":"Decision making preferences in the medical encounter--a factorial survey design","volume":"8","author":"M\u00fcller-Engelmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2019.04.001","article-title":"Factors influencing judgments to consult prescription monitoring programs: a factorial survey experiment","volume":"21","author":"Witry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"391","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1985.10478148","article-title":"The hierarchical logistic regression model for multilevel analysis","volume":"80","author":"Wong","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124191019004003","article-title":"The analysis of factorial surveys","volume":"19","author":"Hox","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-50","article-title":"Vignette studies of medical choice and judgement to study caregivers\u2019 medical decision behaviour: systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Bachmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114547952","article-title":"Best practice recommendations for designing and implementing experimental vignette methodology studies","volume":"17","author":"Aguinis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib35","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Best-practice recommendations for estimating cross-level interaction effects using multilevel modeling","volume":"39","author":"Aguinis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2767-8","article-title":"Distal radius malunion increases risk of persistent disability 2 years after fracture: a prospective cohort study","volume":"471","author":"Brogren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7053","article-title":"Assessment of distal radius fracture complications among adults 60 years or older: a secondary analysis of the WRIST randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-013-9559-9","article-title":"The impact of demographic factors and comorbidities on distal radius fracture outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.09.016","article-title":"Risk factors for complications following open reduction internal fixation of distal radius fractures","volume":"39","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.025","article-title":"The effect of osteoporosis on outcomes of operatively treated distal radius fractures","volume":"37","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2019.05.016","article-title":"Predicting outcomes after distal radius fracture: a 24-center international clinical trial of older adults","volume":"44","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01478","article-title":"Functional outcomes for unstable distal radial fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation or closed reduction and percutaneous fixation. A prospective randomized trial","volume":"91","author":"Rozental","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001396","article-title":"Differences in the surgical treatment of lower back pain among spine surgeons in the United States","volume":"41","author":"Lubelski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217739610","article-title":"Spine surgeon treatment variability: the impact on costs","volume":"8","author":"Alvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-017-5229-5","article-title":"Is there variation in procedural utilization for lumbar spine disorders between a fee-for-service and salaried healthcare system?","volume":"475","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Hand Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0363502322001897?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0363502322001897?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T23:01:30Z","timestamp":1759791690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0363502322001897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0363502322001897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5023","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Implicit and Explicit Factors That Influence Surgeons\u2019 Decision-Making for Distal Radius Fractures in Older Patients","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Hand Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}