{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:06:49Z","timestamp":1775124409415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jhandsurg.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Hand Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T02:25:30Z","timestamp":1763519130000},"page":"383.e1-383.e9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic Variations in Amputation Rates for Upper-Extremity Necrotizing Fasciitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3352-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Dussik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Wilbur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.35320","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the upper extremity\u2014a review","volume":"14","author":"Ditsios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop Rev (Pavia)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-17-00716","article-title":"Necrotizing infections of the hand and wrist: diagnosis and treatment options","volume":"28","author":"Choueka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.02.017","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and amputation in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections of the upper extremity","volume":"47","author":"Crowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.08.018","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections of the upper extremity","volume":"34","author":"Sunderland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05256-9","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality and amputation caused by necrotizing soft tissue infections of the upper extremity: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Nawijn","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447221141486","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis originating in the hand: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Christopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133583","article-title":"The LRINEC score\u2014an indicator for the course and prognosis of necrotizing fasciitis?","volume":"11","author":"Hoesl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.114.3.376","article-title":"The potential prognostic significance of the laboratory risk indicator for the necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score in necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"114","author":"G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chirurgia (Bucur)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0359-z","article-title":"The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) scoring: the diagnostic and potential prognostic role","volume":"25","author":"El-Menyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma, Resusc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05730-x","article-title":"Patient's characteristics and outcomes in necrotising soft-tissue infections: results from a Scandinavian, multicentre, prospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2021.02.004","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis of the upper extremity: a retrospective analysis of 19 cases","volume":"40","author":"Lemsanni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.08.005","article-title":"Health disparities in hand and upper extremity surgery: a scoping review","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447221094040","article-title":"Social disparities in the management of trigger finger: an analysis of 31 411 cases","volume":"18","author":"Brodeur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2024.11.007","article-title":"The effect of area-level deprivation on the severity of cubital tunnel syndrome on presentation to a hand surgeon","volume":"50","author":"Mwamba","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010640","article-title":"An analysis of treatment choices among White and African American Medicaid patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"153","author":"Hooper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-22-00205","article-title":"Comparing race\/ethnicity and zip code socioeconomic status for surgical versus nonsurgical management of proximal humerus fractures in a medicare population","volume":"7","author":"Joo","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob Res & Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447231198267","article-title":"Racial disparities in surgical versus nonsurgical management of distal radius fractures in a Medicare population","volume":"20","author":"Joo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0207-0","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in the late amputation of necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib19","first-page":"195","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: epidemiology and clinical predictors for amputation","volume":"8","author":"Khamnuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.2.151","article-title":"Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"140","author":"Anaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B11.34888","article-title":"Necrotising soft-tissue infections of the upper limb","volume":"96-B","author":"Uehara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Joint"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024_bib22","first-page":"981","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"55","author":"Puvanendran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Hand Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0363502325005702?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0363502325005702?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:22:15Z","timestamp":1775121735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0363502325005702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0363502325005702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-5023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-5023","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Demographic Variations in Amputation Rates for Upper-Extremity Necrotizing Fasciitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Hand Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.09.024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}