{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:52:55Z","timestamp":1793397175475,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jhsgo.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:45:53Z","timestamp":1775252753000},"page":"100937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advancing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration (Nerve SPACE 2025)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Porche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara Sara","family":"Saffari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollie","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley P.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Shelby","family":"Burks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Elfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-4885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23023","article-title":"Rapid, effective, and long-lasting behavioral recovery produced by microsutures, methylene blue, and polyethylene glycol after completely cutting rat sciatic nerves","volume":"90","author":"Bittner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2024.01.017","article-title":"The physiologic basis of molecular therapeutics for peripheral nerve injury: a primer","volume":"6","author":"Spezia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010088","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of nerve gap repair: comparative effectiveness of allografts, autografts, and conduits","volume":"151","author":"Lans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.08.003","article-title":"Effects of motor versus sensory nerve grafts on peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"190","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001203","article-title":"A novel therapy to promote axonal fusion in human digital nerves","volume":"81","author":"Bamba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011068","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol fusion restores axonal continuity and improves return of function in a rat median nerve denervation model","volume":"154","author":"Frost","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.03.001","article-title":"Microhook nerve connector-assisted polyethylene glycol fusion for immediate restoration of axon continuity in a rodent model","volume":"50","author":"Bendale","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011334","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol\u2013mediated axonal fusion promotes early sensory recovery after digital nerve injury: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Nemani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.02.012","article-title":"The SARM1 axon degeneration pathway: control of the NAD+ metabolome regulates axon survival in health and disease","volume":"63","author":"Figley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"6233","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258366","article-title":"SARM1 activation triggers axon degeneration locally via NAD+ destruction","volume":"348","author":"Gerdts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.022","article-title":"The SARM1 toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domain possesses intrinsic NAD+ cleavage activity that promotes pathological axonal degeneration","volume":"93","author":"Essuman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6093","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223899","article-title":"dSarm\/Sarm1 is required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway","volume":"337","author":"Osterloh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI161566","article-title":"A SARM1-mitochondrial feedback loop drives neuropathogenesis in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A rat model","volume":"132","author":"Sato-Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2024.12.009","article-title":"SARM1 inhibition maintains axonal integrity after rat sciatic nerve transection and repair","volume":"50","author":"Sachar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108588","article-title":"Small molecule SARM1 inhibitors recapitulate the SARM1\u2212\/\u2212 phenotype and allow recovery of a metastable pool of axons fated to degenerate","volume":"34","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c03127","article-title":"Discovery of a potent SARM1 base-exchange inhibitor with in vivo efficacy","volume":"68","author":"Giroud","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02602.2000","article-title":"Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Al-Majed","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.020","article-title":"Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients","volume":"223","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.01.040","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes sensory neuron regeneration and growth-associated gene expression","volume":"205","author":"Geremia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041145","article-title":"Neuromodulation for peripheral nerve regeneration: systematic review of mechanisms and in vivo highlights","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib21","article-title":"Brief intraoperative electrical stimulation to enhance nerve regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Saffari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008924","article-title":"Short-duration, pulsatile, electrical stimulation therapy accelerates axon regeneration and recovery following tibial nerve injury and repair in rats","volume":"149","author":"Roh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121856","article-title":"The effect of electrical stimulation on nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"12","author":"Juckett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113074","article-title":"A single session of brief electrical stimulation enhances axon regeneration through nerve autografts","volume":"323","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.01965","article-title":"Brief electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and promotes recovery following nerve transection and repair in mice","volume":"103","author":"Sayanagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-025-00171-y","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a novel disposable neurostimulator used to accelerate regeneration of injured peripheral nerves in the hand","volume":"11","author":"Coroneos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectron Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113147","article-title":"Conditioning electrical stimulation is superior to postoperative electrical stimulation, resulting in enhanced nerve regeneration and functional recovery","volume":"325","author":"Senger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06631.2002","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes motoneuron regeneration without increasing its speed or conditioning the neuron","volume":"22","author":"Brushart","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.10.JNS11612","article-title":"Accelerated axon outgrowth, guidance, and target reinnervation across nerve transection gaps following a brief electrical stimulation paradigm","volume":"116","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz322","article-title":"Postsurgical electrical stimulation enhances recovery following surgery for severe cubital tunnel syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24397","article-title":"Electrical stimulation enhances sensory recovery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03668-x","article-title":"Intraoperative electrical stimulation promotes the short-term recovery of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome after surgery","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006729","article-title":"Pilot study: a multicenter, prospective study demonstrating safety, usability, and feasibility of perioperative 1-hour electrical stimulation therapy for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Coroneos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.02.001","article-title":"Conditioning electrical stimulation promotes functional nerve regeneration","volume":"315","author":"Senger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28262","article-title":"The use of electrical stimulation to enhance recovery following peripheral nerve injury","volume":"70","author":"Hardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004115","article-title":"Role of electrical stimulation in peripheral nerve regeneration: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"ElAbd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2024.01.022","article-title":"The role of electrical stimulation in peripheral nerve regeneration: current evidence and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.280319","article-title":"Human equivalent dose of oral 4-aminopyridine differentiates nerve crush injury from transection injury and improves post-injury function in mice","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201506035","article-title":"4-Aminopyridine promotes functional recovery and remyelination in acute peripheral nerve injury","volume":"8","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071649","article-title":"4-Aminopyridine induces nerve growth factor to improve skin wound healing and tissue regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Jagadeeshaprasad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02199-6","article-title":"4-aminopyridine attenuates inflammation and apoptosis and increases angiogenesis to promote skin regeneration following a burn injury in mice","volume":"10","author":"VG","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.9.713.31540","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Segal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10236-5","article-title":"Augmenting peripheral nerve regeneration with adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.276327","article-title":"The role of vascularization in nerve regeneration of nerve graft","volume":"15","author":"Saffari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.144151","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of differentiated and undifferentiated adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells dynamically seeded onto a processed nerve allograft","volume":"724","author":"Mathot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.029","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro","volume":"207","author":"Kingham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.6344","article-title":"The role of cultured Schwann cell grafts in the repair of gaps within the peripheral nervous system of primates","volume":"143","author":"Levi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004614","article-title":"A simple dynamic strategy to deliver stem cells to decellularized nerve allografts","volume":"142","author":"Rbia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.10.054","article-title":"Functional outcomes of nerve allografts augmented with mesenchymal stem cells and surgical angiogenesis in a rat sciatic nerve defect model","volume":"87","author":"Bedar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.11.048","article-title":"Revascularization patterns of nerve allografts in a rat sciatic nerve defect model","volume":"73","author":"Saffari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.12.039","article-title":"Microcomputed analysis of nerve angioarchitecture after combined stem cell delivery and surgical angiogenesis to nerve allograft","volume":"74","author":"Saffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"220","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/66572","article-title":"The superficial inferior epigastric artery fascia flap for nerve reconstruction in rabbits","author":"Saffari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.11.023","article-title":"The effect of local purified exosome product, stem cells, and tacrolimus on neurite extension","volume":"49","author":"Rademakers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28520","article-title":"Dose\u2013response analysis after administration of a human platelet-derived exosome product on neurite outgrowth in vitro","volume":"120","author":"Saffari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.11.016","article-title":"The role of exosomes in upper-extremity tissue regeneration","volume":"49","author":"Rademakers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27916","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and local tacrolimus delivery synergistically enhance neurite extension","volume":"118","author":"Saffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1675507","article-title":"Exploring the neuroregenerative potential of tacrolimus","volume":"12","author":"Saffari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27799","article-title":"Combined local delivery of tacrolimus and stem cells in hydrogel for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"118","author":"Saffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.03.018","article-title":"Systemic and local FK506 (tacrolimus) and its application in peripheral nerve surgery","volume":"45","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233788","article-title":"Role of tacrolimus in return of hand function after brachial plexus injury in a lung transplantation patient","volume":"13","author":"Saffari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.8.JNS202349","article-title":"Schwann cell delivery via a novel 3D collagen matrix conduit improves outcomes in critical length nerve gap repairs","volume":"135","author":"Burks","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/FOC.2009.26.2.E4","article-title":"Transplantation of autologous Schwann cells for the repair of segmental peripheral nerve defects","volume":"26","author":"Hood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X690198","article-title":"The use of autologous Schwann cells to supplement sciatic nerve repair with a large gap: first in human experience","volume":"25","author":"Levi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313292","article-title":"Comparison of cellular-based therapies following a long-segmental peripheral nerve defect in a rat model","volume":"20","author":"Errante","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22558","article-title":"Schwann cell-derived exosomes enhance axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Lopez-Verrilli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7846","article-title":"Effect of allogeneic Schwann cell transplantation on peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"173","author":"Mosahebi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011811","article-title":"The use of grayscale muscle ultrasound to indicate muscle recovery after peripheral nerve reconstruction","volume":"155","author":"Saffari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.02.017","article-title":"The role of nerve graft substitutes in motor and mixed motor\/sensory peripheral nerve injuries","volume":"42","author":"Rbia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31825f14f9","article-title":"A comparison of manual and quantitative elbow strength testing","volume":"91","author":"Shahgholi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589514125002579?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589514125002579?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:49:20Z","timestamp":1778186960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589514125002579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589514125002579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-5141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-5141","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Advancing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration (Nerve SPACE 2025)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The American Society for Surgery of the Hand.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100937"}}