{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:30:07Z","timestamp":1791516607238,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jhandtherapy.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hand Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T16:52:31Z","timestamp":1421427151000},"page":"201-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Common medial elbow injuries in the adolescent athlete"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Leahy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Schorpion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Ganley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00010-0","article-title":"Clinical application of advances in elbow and forearm anatomy and biomechanics","volume":"18","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.008","article-title":"Elbow anatomy and structural biomechanics","volume":"23","author":"Alcid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163060-00002","article-title":"Biomechanical study of normal functional elbow motion","volume":"63","author":"Morrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199401000-00036","article-title":"The relationship of the interosseous membrane to the axis of rotation of the forearm","volume":"298","author":"Hollister","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.09.032","article-title":"Soft tissue stabilizers of the elbow","volume":"14","author":"Safran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200102000-00014","article-title":"The collateral ligaments of the elbow","volume":"383","author":"Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib7","first-page":"2268","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the flexor pronator muscle group in relation to the medial collateral ligament of the elbow","volume":"86","author":"Davidson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib8","first-page":"401","article-title":"The immature athlete. Common injuries and overuse syndromes of the elbow and wrist","volume":"15","author":"Gill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s7","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181c9b889","article-title":"Elbow pain and injury in young athletes","volume":"30","author":"Kramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2014.02.012","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow","volume":"22","author":"Giuseffi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oper Tech Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30905-4","article-title":"Shoulder and elbow injuries in the young athlete","volume":"7","author":"Ireland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112448733","article-title":"Segmental approach to imaging of sports-related injuries of the pediatric elbow","volume":"4","author":"Dwek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2014.03.004","article-title":"Elbow fractures and dislocations","volume":"45","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2013.02.010","article-title":"The evaluation and treatment of elbow injuries","volume":"40","author":"Lavallee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.00493","article-title":"Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in the measurement of displaced humeral medial epicondyle fractures in children","volume":"92","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01637","article-title":"How displaced are \u201cnondisplaced\u201d fractures of the medial humeral epicondyle in children? Results of a three-dimensional computed tomography analysis","volume":"92","author":"Edmonds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513480797","article-title":"Return to competitive sports after medial epicondyle fractures in adolescent athletes: results of operative and nonoperative treatment","volume":"41","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.112881","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in athletes: muscle splitting approach without transposition of the ulnar nerve","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.007","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament injury in the overhead athlete","volume":"29","author":"Hariri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280011401","article-title":"Operative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in athletes","volume":"28","author":"Azar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70061-4","article-title":"Acute elbow dislocations: simple and complex","volume":"30","author":"Hildebrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201009000-00007","article-title":"Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: current concepts","volume":"18","author":"Ruchelsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112444707","article-title":"Surgical treatment for osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199806000-00014","article-title":"Early detection of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in young baseball players: report of three cases","volume":"80","author":"Takahara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514524699","article-title":"Risk-prone pitching activities and injuries in youth baseball","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00002","article-title":"Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers","volume":"33","author":"Lyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.01.013","article-title":"Valgus torque in youth baseball pitchers: a biomechanical study","volume":"13","author":"Sabick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.04.010","article-title":"Kinetic chain contributions to elbow function and dysfunction in sports","volume":"23","author":"Kibler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316281","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of specific exercises for scapula control in early phases of shoulder rehabilitation","volume":"36","author":"Kibler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.06.007","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical assessment method of scapular dyskinesis","volume":"25","author":"Uhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509340226","article-title":"The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.006","article-title":"Clinical concepts for treatment of the elbow in the adolescent overhead athlete","volume":"29","author":"Ellenbecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01216.2009","article-title":"Stabilizing function of the diaphragm: dynamic MRI and synchronized spirometric assessment","volume":"109","author":"Kolar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.7.385","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises","volume":"34","author":"Reinold","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib36","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Comparative analysis of throwing kinematics from little league to professional baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Cosgarea","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development","volume":"32","author":"Fleisig","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib38","first-page":"S135","article-title":"Valgus extension overload in baseball pitching","volume":"23","author":"Dillman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400506","article-title":"Development of a distance-based interval throwing program for Little League-aged athletes","volume":"24","author":"Axe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib40","series-title":"The Elbow: Physical Therapy Patient Management Utilizing Current Evidence","author":"Sebelski","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib41","unstructured":"California Physical Therapy Association California Physical Therapy Association Annual Conference.\u00a02006."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900309","article-title":"Electromyographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program","volume":"19","author":"Townsend","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2593-x","article-title":"Elbow injuries in the young athlete \u2013 an orthopedic perspective","volume":"43","author":"Zellner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200505000-00004","article-title":"Shoulder and elbow injuries in the skeletally immature athlete","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505280431","article-title":"Kinetic comparison among the fastball, curveball, change-up and slider in collegiate baseball players","author":"Fleisig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507310074","article-title":"A\u00a0biomechanical comparison of youth baseball pitches: is the curveball potentially harmful?","volume":"36","author":"Dun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Hand Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0894113015000216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0894113015000216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1651013506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0894113015000216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0894113015000216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0894-1130"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0894-1130","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Common medial elbow injuries in the adolescent athlete","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Hand Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2015.01.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Hanley & Belfus. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}