{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:18:54Z","timestamp":1788581934948,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010558","name":"Beiersdorf AG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010558","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jidonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T07:51:04Z","timestamp":1765525864000},"page":"1837-1850.e4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Primary keratinocyte model of actinic keratosis reveals UV-induced DNA damage accumulation and persistent IFN signaling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-7047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Elsbroek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Reuschlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syrus","family":"Karsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Geueke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"von Petersdorff-Campen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bresch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Steinkraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Weisenseel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Winnefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4873-5431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lyko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8608-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludger","family":"Kolbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14392","article-title":"IFI16 and cGAS cooperate in the activation of STING during DNA sensing in human keratinocytes","volume":"8","author":"Almine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13777","article-title":"Ultraviolet light, unfolded protein response and autophagy(dagger)","volume":"99","author":"Bahamondes Lorca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae249","article-title":"Gene expression landscape of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression","volume":"191","author":"Bencomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.96","article-title":"Myeloid dendritic cells from human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are poor stimulators of T-cell proliferation","volume":"129","author":"Bluth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10124","article-title":"A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Brash","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.105","article-title":"Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes","volume":"11","author":"Bray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx146","article-title":"cGAS-STING pathway in senescence-related inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12601","article-title":"Cross-species identification of genomic drivers of squamous cell carcinoma development across preneoplastic intermediates","volume":"7","author":"Chitsazzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.07.002","article-title":"Phenotypic and lipidomic characterization of primary human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to simulated solar UV radiation","volume":"92","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1130-8","article-title":"Sublethal UV irradiation induces squamous differentiation via a p53-independent, DNA damage-mitosis checkpoint","volume":"9","author":"de Pedro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.426","article-title":"Shining a light on xeroderma pigmentosum","volume":"132","author":"DiGiovanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283572","article-title":"Reduction of DNA damage repair efficiency and accumulation of residual damage following chronic UVB-irradiation of HaCaT cells","volume":"18","author":"Dorr","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11140","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0563","article-title":"Activation of the fanconi anemia\/BRCA pathway and recombination repair in the cellular response to solar ultraviolet light","volume":"66","author":"Dunn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.034","article-title":"Non-canonical activation of the DNA sensing adaptor STING by ATM and IFI16 mediates NF-\u03baB signaling after nuclear DNA damage","volume":"71","author":"Dunphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1992.01680210064008","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas by intralesional interferon alfa-2b therapy","volume":"128","author":"Edwards","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.922","article-title":"Using ExpressAnalyst for comprehensive gene expression analysis in model and non-model organisms","volume":"3","author":"Ewald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.05.074","article-title":"The inflammasome mediates UVB-induced activation and secretion of interleukin-1beta by keratinocytes","volume":"17","author":"Feldmeyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.04.031","article-title":"Interferon receptor signaling pathways regulating PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101102","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense skin injury and promote wound healing through type I interferons","volume":"207","author":"Gregorio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-7","article-title":"GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data","volume":"14","author":"H\u00e4nzelmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103393","article-title":"Exploring the correlation between UVB sensitivity and SLE activity: insights into UVB-driven pathogenesis in lupus erythematosus","volume":"153","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.02.804","article-title":"Prevalence of skin cancer and related skin tumors in high-risk kidney and liver transplant recipients in Queensland, Australia","volume":"136","author":"Iannacone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib28","first-page":"D498","article-title":"The reactome pathway knowledgebase","volume":"48","author":"Jassal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.05.002","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy corrects abnormal cancer-associated gene expression observed in actinic keratosis lesions and induces a remodeling effect in photodamaged skin","author":"Joly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720930115","article-title":"Interferon stimulation creates chromatin marks and establishes transcriptional memory","volume":"115","author":"Kamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00872-3","article-title":"The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought","volume":"54","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.07.172","article-title":"Genomic progression of precancerous actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01196.x","article-title":"Establishment of a cell line of human skin squamous cell carcinoma in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Kondo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","article-title":"Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony","volume":"16","author":"Korsunsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-022-00403-9","article-title":"The interferon-\u03b2\/STAT1 axis drives the collective invasion of skin squamous cell carcinoma with sealed intercellular spaces","volume":"11","author":"Kumagai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S1109","article-title":"Advances in the use of topical imiquimod to treat dermatologic disorders","volume":"4","author":"Lacarrubba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D835","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz972","article-title":"ClinVar: improvements to accessing data","volume":"48","author":"Landrum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003118","article-title":"Software for computing and annotating genomic ranges","volume":"9","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10314","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212696200","article-title":"Deamination of 5-methylcytosines within cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers is an important component of UVB mutagenesis","volume":"278","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.12.037","article-title":"DNA damage-triggered activation of cGAS-STING pathway induces apoptosis in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-1773","article-title":"Genomic analysis of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004","article-title":"The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection","volume":"1","author":"Liberzon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146563","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq of UVB-radiated skin reveals landscape of photoaging-related inflammation and protection by vitamin D","volume":"831","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384606","article-title":"Interferon alpha promotes caspase-8 dependent ultraviolet light-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis via interferon regulatory factor 1","volume":"15","author":"Loftus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12523","article-title":"High-energy visible light at ambient doses and intensities induces oxidative stress of skin-Protective effects of the antioxidant and Nrf2 inducer Licochalcone A in vitro and in vivo","volume":"36","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6806","article-title":"Tumor evolution. High burden and pervasive positive selection of somatic mutations in normal human skin","volume":"348","author":"Martincorena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.494","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of the leading edge of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: il-24-driven MMP-7","volume":"134","author":"Mitsui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-5-30","article-title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by microarray expression profiling","volume":"5","author":"Nindl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu168","article-title":"VariantAnnotation: a Bioconductor package for exploration and annotation of genetic variants","volume":"30","author":"Obenchain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06932.x","article-title":"Imiquimod-induced regression of actinic keratosis is associated with infiltration by T lymphocytes and dendritic cells: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"154","author":"Ooi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.03.031","article-title":"Modification of PCNA by ISG15 plays a crucial role in termination of error-prone translesion DNA synthesis","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib59","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cancer cells resistant to immune checkpoint blockade acquire interferon-associated epigenetic memory to sustain T cell dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202002175","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated gene 15 accelerates replication fork progression inducing chromosomal breakage","volume":"219","author":"Raso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03025-1","article-title":"Methylation profiling identifies two subclasses of squamous cell carcinoma related to distinct cells of origin","volume":"9","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111557","article-title":"More than meets the ISG15: emerging roles in the DNA damage response and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Sandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213611.116","article-title":"Evaluation of GRCh38 and de novo haploid genome assemblies demonstrates the enduring quality of the reference assembly","volume":"27","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.11.008","article-title":"UVB irradiation expands skin-resident CD81+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells with a highly activated phenotype","volume":"145","author":"Shime","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010548","article-title":"The cold immunological landscape of ATM-deficient cancers","volume":"13","author":"Sinha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64865-w","article-title":"The early local and systemic Type I interferon responses to ultraviolet B light exposure are cGAS dependent","volume":"10","author":"Skopelja-Gardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.202211073","article-title":"Differentiation-related epigenomic changes define clinically distinct keratinocyte cancer subclasses","volume":"18","author":"Sol\u00e9-Boldo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04344-9","article-title":"CellProfiler 4: improvements in speed, utility and usability","volume":"22","author":"Stirling","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.031","article-title":"Comprehensive integration of single-cell data","volume":"177","author":"Stuart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib73","article-title":"Genetic evolution of keratinocytes to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"2024.07.23","author":"Tandukar","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.12.024","article-title":"The genomic landscape of actinic keratosis","volume":"141","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-5-7","article-title":"Immune-mediated changes in actinic keratosis following topical treatment with imiquimod 5% cream","volume":"5","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11085.x","article-title":"Risk factors for actinic keratosis in eight European centres: a case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Traianou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12367","article-title":"Mechanism of pathogenesis of imiquimod-induced skin inflammation in the mouse: a role for interferon-alpha in dendritic cell activation by imiquimod","volume":"41","author":"Ueyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809242105","article-title":"An interferon-related gene signature for DNA damage resistance is a predictive marker for chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer","volume":"105","author":"Weichselbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23799","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling identifies an interferon-associated host immune response in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin","volume":"123","author":"Wenzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00583-5","article-title":"Advances in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Winge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v077.i01","article-title":"ranger: A Fast Implementation of Random Forests for High Dimensional Data in C++ and R","volume":"77","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib82","article-title":"IFIT3: a crucial mediator in innate immunity and tumor progression with therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.762","article-title":"Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978\u20132012: empirical relationships","volume":"150","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705499114","article-title":"cGAS is essential for cellular senescence","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700606","article-title":"The detrimental effects of daily sub-erythemal exposure on human skin in vivo can be prevented by a daily-care broad-spectrum sunscreen","volume":"127","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04219-z","article-title":"Type I interferon-mediated tumor immunity and its role in immunotherapy","volume":"79","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70114","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in UV-induced photoaging and skin cancers","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092131","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 critically enables the intratumoural infiltration of CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells to drive squamous cell carcinoma regression","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85270","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing highlights heterogeneity and malignant progression in actinic keratosis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X25036292?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X25036292?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:03:31Z","timestamp":1785888211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022202X25036292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022202X25036292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-202X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-202X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Primary keratinocyte model of actinic keratosis reveals UV-induced DNA damage accumulation and persistent IFN signaling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2025.11.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}