{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1791017657503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,10,1]],"date-time":"2027-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1822348800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R13AR009431-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R13AR009431-57"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jidonline.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T11:14:01Z","timestamp":1786792441000},"page":"2687-2700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory T cells: From Foxp3 to tolerance-inducing therapies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4022-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisato","family":"Iriki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miho","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayato","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Amagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2554","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: recommendations to simplify the nomenclature","volume":"14","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw2707","article-title":"Conversion of antigen-specific effector\/memory T cells into Foxp3-expressing Treg cells by inhibition of CDK8\/19","volume":"4","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.002","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skin facilitate epithelial stem cell differentiation","volume":"169","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.09.019","article-title":"MHC class II association with lipid rafts on the antigen presenting cell surface","volume":"1853","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040249","article-title":"In vivo instruction of suppressor commitment in naive T cells","volume":"199","author":"Apostolou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.7.995","article-title":"An essential role for interleukin 10 in the function of regulatory T cells that inhibit intestinal inflammation","volume":"190","author":"Asseman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.016","article-title":"Self-antigen-driven activation induces instability of regulatory T cells during an inflammatory autoimmune response","volume":"39","author":"Bailey-Bucktrout","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9584","article-title":"Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse","volume":"24","author":"Bates","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8338","article-title":"Rapamycin promotes expansion of functional CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells of both healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic patients","volume":"177","author":"Battaglia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-3932","article-title":"Rapamycin selectively expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"105","author":"Battaglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3303","article-title":"Optimizing early clinical investigations in cancer immunotherapy: the translational journey of RG6292, a novel, selective Treg-depleting antibody","volume":"116","author":"Belli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adn2404","article-title":"A phase 2 randomized trial with autologous polyclonal expanded regulatory T cells in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Bender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/83713","article-title":"The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3","volume":"27","author":"Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070719","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid mediates enhanced T reg cell growth, differentiation, and gut homing in the face of high levels of co-stimulation","volume":"204","author":"Benson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.41","article-title":"Suppression of murine colitis and its associated cancer by carcinoembryonic antigen-specific regulatory T cells","volume":"22","author":"Blat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad4134","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells","volume":"7","author":"Bluestone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14185","article-title":"Expression of a chimeric antigen receptor specific for donor HLA class I enhances the potency of human regulatory T cells in preventing human skin transplant rejection","volume":"17","author":"Boardman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-06-2089","article-title":"Regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase by CTLA-4-Fc in human CD4+ T cells","volume":"105","author":"Boasso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13236","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.442640","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-peptide complexes arrive at the plasma membrane in cholesterol-rich microclusters","volume":"288","author":"Bosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3156","article-title":"The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system","volume":"12","author":"Boyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601045","article-title":"IL-10 receptor signaling is essential for TR1 cell function in vivo","volume":"198","author":"Brockmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/83784","article-title":"Disruption of a new forkhead\/winged-helix protein, scurfin, results in the fatal lymphoproliferative disorder of the scurfy mouse","volume":"27","author":"Brunkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-293795","article-title":"Infusion of ex vivo expanded T regulatory cells in adults transplanted with umbilical cord blood: safety profile and detection kinetics","volume":"117","author":"Brunstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-06-653667","article-title":"Umbilical cord blood-derived T regulatory cells to prevent GVHD: kinetics, toxicity profile, and clinical effect","volume":"127","author":"Brunstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250940","article-title":"Interleukin-10 differentially regulates B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) expression on human peripheral blood dendritic cells","volume":"25","author":"Buelens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.054","article-title":"A special population of regulatory T cells potentiates muscle repair","volume":"155","author":"Burzyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17750-z","article-title":"Blockade of the AHR restricts a Treg-macrophage suppressive axis induced by L-kynurenine","volume":"11","author":"Campesato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.018","article-title":"Interleukin-10 signaling in regulatory T cells is required for suppression of Th17 cell-mediated inflammation","volume":"34","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000957","article-title":"TIGIT in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Chauvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100061","article-title":"IL-2 controls the stability of Foxp3 expression in TGF-beta-induced Foxp3+ T cells in vivo","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030152","article-title":"Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104378","article-title":"Rapamycin facilitates differentiation of regulatory T cells via enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation","volume":"365","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11132","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells","volume":"486","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(98)80217-3","article-title":"Infectious tolerance","volume":"10","author":"Cobbold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116467","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skin utilize the Cxcr4-Cxcl12 axis to promote hair follicle regeneration","volume":"44","author":"Cohen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1952","article-title":"IL-35-mediated induction of a potent regulatory T cell population","volume":"11","author":"Collison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06306","article-title":"The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function","volume":"450","author":"Collison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070590","article-title":"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism","volume":"204","author":"Coombes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2006","article-title":"The transcription factors Blimp-1 and IRF4 jointly control the differentiation and function of effector regulatory T cells","volume":"12","author":"Cretney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-8411(03)00121-5","article-title":"Quantification of regulatory T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Crispin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003129","article-title":"Kinetics of antigen expression and epitope presentation during virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Croft","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1093","article-title":"Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival","volume":"10","author":"Curiel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123672","article-title":"Systematic testing and specificity mapping of alloantigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors in regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Dawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425274","article-title":"Interleukin-2 is essential for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function","volume":"34","author":"de la Rosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.021","article-title":"Transcriptional landscape of human tissue lymphocytes unveils uniqueness of tumor-infiltrating T regulatory cells","volume":"45","author":"De Simone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209","article-title":"Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes","volume":"174","author":"de Waal Malefyt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062512","article-title":"Adenosine generation catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 expressed on regulatory T cells mediates immune suppression","volume":"204","author":"Deaglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00172","article-title":"Bempegaldesleukin plus nivolumab in untreated advanced melanoma: the open-label, phase III PIVOT IO 001 trial results","volume":"41","author":"Diab","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4528","article-title":"Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system","volume":"20","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.188624","article-title":"CAR Treg synergy with anti-CD154 promotes infectious tolerance and dictates allogeneic heart transplant acceptance","volume":"10","author":"Durgam","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.049","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis by genetically engineered murine regulatory T cells redirected by antigen-specific chimeric receptor","volume":"136","author":"Elinav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.02.060","article-title":"Redirection of regulatory T cells with predetermined specificity for the treatment of experimental colitis in mice","volume":"134","author":"Elinav","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.159.5.1413","article-title":"Mechanisms of Ly2 suppressor cell activity. Activation of an Ly1 I-J+ cell is required to transduce the suppressive signal","volume":"159","author":"Flood","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/ni904","article-title":"Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Fontenot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090847","article-title":"PD-L1 regulates the development, maintenance, and function of induced regulatory T cells","volume":"206","author":"Francisco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.12.009","article-title":"Toward an optimized process for clinical manufacturing of CAR-Treg cell therapy","volume":"38","author":"Fritsche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-24-0638","article-title":"Safety and antitumor activity of a novel aCD25 Treg depleter RG6292 as a single agent and in combination with atezolizumab in patients with solid tumors","volume":"5","author":"Gambardella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib57","first-page":"903","article-title":"Infectious immunological tolerance","volume":"21","author":"Gershon","year":"1971","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0907-z","article-title":"The battle against immunopathology: infectious tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells","volume":"69","author":"Gravano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-234872","article-title":"Differentiation of type 1 T regulatory cells (Tr1) by tolerogenic DC-10 requires the IL-10-dependent ILT4\/HLA-G pathway","volume":"116","author":"Gregori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100209","article-title":"IL-2 reverses established type 1 diabetes in NOD mice by a local effect on pancreatic regulatory T cells","volume":"207","author":"Grinberg-Bleyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/ni846","article-title":"CTLA-4-Ig regulates tryptophan catabolism in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Grohmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.750542","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: regulation of identity and function","volume":"12","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.06.012","article-title":"Donor antigen-specific regulatory T cell administration to recipients of live donor kidneys: a ONE Study consortium pilot trial","volume":"23","author":"Guinan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00098","article-title":"Interleukin-35-producing CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells acquire a tolerogenic state and regulate T cell function","volume":"8","author":"Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70113-X","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin 2 in patients with type 1 diabetes: a phase 1\/2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Hartemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071477","article-title":"The AKT-mTOR axis regulates de novo differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+ cells","volume":"205","author":"Haxhinasto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215396","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"79","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(88)90156-3","article-title":"The high affinity interleukin 2 receptor: evidence for three distinct polypeptide chains comprising the high affinity interleukin 2 receptor","volume":"25","author":"Herrmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-027409","article-title":"Only the CD45RA+ subpopulation of CD4+CD25high T cells gives rise to homogeneous regulatory T-cell lines upon in vitro expansion","volume":"108","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079490","article-title":"Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"299","author":"Hori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30018-9","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: an investigator-initiated, single-centre phase 1 and 2a clinical trial","volume":"1","author":"Humrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026763118","article-title":"Peripheral tolerance by Treg via constraining OX40 signal in autoreactive T cells against desmoglein 3, a target antigen in pemphigus","volume":"118","author":"Iriki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.9.5317","article-title":"Thymus and autoimmunity: production of CD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells as a key function of the thymus in maintaining immunologic self-tolerance","volume":"162","author":"Itoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/86302","article-title":"Thymic selection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonist self-peptide","volume":"2","author":"Jordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw2910","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in skin are uniquely poised to suppress profibrotic immune responses","volume":"4","author":"Kalekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V130.Suppl_1.70.70","article-title":"Vitamin C stabilizes Foxp3 expression in induced Treg cells by targeted DNA demethylation and prevents Murine model of acute graft versus host disease","volume":"130","author":"Kasahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.08.002","article-title":"Infectious tolerance: therapeutic potential","volume":"22","author":"Kendal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/ni909","article-title":"An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells","volume":"4","author":"Khattri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30379-6","article-title":"Mogamulizumab versus vorinostat in previously treated cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (MAVORIC): an international, open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3432","article-title":"Pathogenic conversion of Foxp3+ T cells into TH17 cells in autoimmune arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Komatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-02-702852","article-title":"Efficacy, durability, and response predictors of low-dose interleukin-2 therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"128","author":"Koreth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108188","article-title":"Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease","volume":"365","author":"Koreth","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5916","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5916","article-title":"Regulatory T cells inhibit dendritic cells by lymphocyte activation gene-3 engagement of MHC class II","volume":"180","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1927","article-title":"Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke","volume":"15","author":"Liesz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060772","article-title":"CD127 expression inversely correlates with FoxP3 and suppressive function of human CD4+ T reg cells","volume":"203","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13723","article-title":"The soluble IL-2 receptor \u03b1\/CD25 as a modulator of IL-2 function","volume":"171","author":"Lokau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/989434","article-title":"Rapamycin regulates iTreg function through CD39 and Runx1 pathways","volume":"2014","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82771","article-title":"Alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells generated with a chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"126","author":"MacDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003219","article-title":"First-in-human phase 1 trial of induced regulatory T cells for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in HLA-matched siblings","volume":"5","author":"MacMillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0038","article-title":"Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127- regulatory T cells preserves \u03b2-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children","volume":"35","author":"Marek-Trzonkowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.013","article-title":"Binding of LAG-3 to stable peptide-MHC class II limits T cell function and suppresses autoimmunity and anti-cancer immunity","volume":"55","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179ra43","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005265","article-title":"Low-dose interleukin-2 therapy restores regulatory T cell homeostasis in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"5","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4275","article-title":"Smad3 is essential for TGF-beta 1 to suppress IL-2 production and TCR-induced proliferation, but not IL-2-induced proliferation","volume":"172","author":"McKarns","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903670","article-title":"An interaction between kynurenine and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor can generate regulatory T cells","volume":"185","author":"Mezrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003613","article-title":"Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets","volume":"186","author":"Michalek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922600117","article-title":"Epigenetic conversion of conventional T cells into regulatory T cells by CD28 signal deprivation","volume":"117","author":"Mikami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adr6049","article-title":"Generating functionally stable and antigen-specific T reg cells from effector T cells for cell therapy of inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Mikami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02344.x","article-title":"Do suppressor T cells exist?","volume":"27","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.1.237","article-title":"CD4+ T cells that express high levels of CD45RB induce wasting disease when transferred into congenic severe combined immunodeficient mice. Disease development is prevented by cotransfer of purified CD4+ T cells","volume":"178","author":"Morrissey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxr096","article-title":"Unraveling features of the natural MHC class II peptidome of skin-migrated dendritic cells","volume":"24","author":"Muix\u00ed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adq9913","article-title":"Conversion of pathogenic T cells into functionally stabilized T reg cells for antigen-specific immunosuppression in pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"17","author":"Mukai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.03.013","article-title":"GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"22","author":"Munn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/306537a0","article-title":"The I-J paradox remains unsolved","volume":"306","author":"Munro","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737810","article-title":"IL-35 is a novel cytokine with therapeutic effects against collagen-induced arthritis through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cells","volume":"37","author":"Niedbala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502139","article-title":"Cutting edge: regulatory T cells facilitate cutaneous wound healing","volume":"196","author":"Nosbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14175","article-title":"Prevention of allograft rejection by use of regulatory T cells with an MHC-specific chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"17","author":"Noyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.010","article-title":"T cell receptor stimulation-induced epigenetic changes and Foxp3 expression are independent and complementary events required for Treg cell development","volume":"37","author":"Ohkura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-010-0200-5","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: roles of T cell receptor for their development and function","volume":"32","author":"Ohkura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605251103","article-title":"A2A adenosine receptor protects tumors from antitumor T cells","volume":"103","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2999","article-title":"Effect of interleukin (IL)-35 on IL-17 expression and production by human CD4+ T cells","volume":"5","author":"Okada","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.5.1234","article-title":"Specific enrichment of the suppressor T cell bearing I-J determinants: parallel functional and serological characterizations","volume":"146","author":"Okumura","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1536","article-title":"CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4+ T cells","volume":"8","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.032","article-title":"Regulatory T cells exhibit distinct features in human breast cancer","volume":"45","author":"Plitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00485-z","article-title":"A CD25-biased interleukin-2 for autoimmune therapy engineered via a semi-synthetic organism","volume":"4","author":"Ptacin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8094901","article-title":"\u201cInfectious\u201d transplantation tolerance","volume":"259","author":"Qin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202947","article-title":"Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4","volume":"332","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0232-6","article-title":"Treg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Raffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.295","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation","volume":"192","author":"Read","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16513","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.23.16513","article-title":"Interleukin-10 receptor signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway. Requirement for two distinct receptor-derived signals for anti-inflammatory action","volume":"274","author":"Riley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib121","article-title":"Regulatory T cells for minimising immune suppression in kidney transplantation: phase I\/IIa clinical trial","volume":"371","author":"Roemhild","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401145","article-title":"Ex vivo-expanded but not in vitro-induced human regulatory T cells are candidates for cell therapy in autoimmune diseases thanks to stable demethylation of the FOXP3 regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region","volume":"194","author":"Rossetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105143","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell responses to low-dose interleukin-2 in HCV-induced vasculitis","volume":"365","author":"Saadoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80856-9","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance","volume":"101","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.161.1.72","article-title":"Organ-specific autoimmune diseases induced in mice by elimination of T cell subset. I. Evidence for the active participation of T cells in natural self-tolerance; deficit of a T cell subset as a possible cause of autoimmune disease","volume":"161","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltad007","article-title":"Treg-based immunotherapy for antigen-specific immune suppression and stable tolerance induction: a perspective","volume":"3","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunother AdV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1151","article-title":"Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases","volume":"155","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502352","article-title":"Vitamin C facilitates demethylation of the Foxp3 enhancer in a Tet-dependent manner","volume":"196","author":"Sasidharan Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800928105","article-title":"T cell receptor signaling controls Foxp3 expression via PI3K, Akt, and mTOR","volume":"105","author":"Sauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30167-7","article-title":"Regulatory cell therapy in kidney transplantation (The ONE Study): a harmonised design and analysis of seven non-randomised, single-arm, phase 1\/2A trials","volume":"395","author":"Sawitzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.03.030","article-title":"Study design: human leukocyte antigen Class I molecule A\u221702-chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cells in renal transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Schreeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl. 13","key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib132","first-page":"11","article-title":"Managing toxicities of high-dose interleukin-2","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661875","article-title":"Antigen-specific regulatory T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases and transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Selck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041982","article-title":"Homeostatic maintenance of natural Foxp3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) regulatory T cells by interleukin (IL)-2 and induction of autoimmune disease by IL-2 neutralization","volume":"201","author":"Setoguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.152511","article-title":"IL-35 promotes CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and inhibits atherosclerosis via maintaining CCR5-amplified Treg-suppressive mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.423","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity","volume":"18","author":"Shevach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820104.x","article-title":"Control of T-cell activation by CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T cells","volume":"182","author":"Shevach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/ni759","article-title":"Stimulation of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells through GITR breaks immunological self-tolerance","volume":"3","author":"Shimizu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53384-1","article-title":"The regulatory T cell-selective interleukin-2 receptor agonist rezpegaldesleukin in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases: two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trials","volume":"15","author":"Silverberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131142","article-title":"CCR7 provides localized access to IL-2 and defines homeostatically distinct regulatory T cell subsets","volume":"211","author":"Smigiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/300035a0","article-title":"A molecular map of the immune response region from the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse","volume":"300","author":"Steinmetz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.141.1.105","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroiditis induced in mice depleted of particular T cell subsets. I. Requirement of Lyt-1 dull L3T4 bright normal T cells for the induction of thyroiditis","volume":"141","author":"Sugihara","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070602","article-title":"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid","volume":"204","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1212","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ T cells inhibit both the induction and effector function of autoreactive T cells and represent a unique lineage of immunoregulatory cells","volume":"160","author":"Suri-Payer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.12.1969","article-title":"Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by CD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells: induction of autoimmune disease by breaking their anergic\/suppressive state","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0904100","article-title":"Smad2 and Smad3 are redundantly essential for the TGF-beta-mediated regulation of regulatory T plasticity and Th1 development","volume":"185","author":"Takimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040139","article-title":"In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes","volume":"199","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/298172a0","article-title":"Reconstitution of antigen-specific suppressor activity with translation products of mRNA","volume":"298","author":"Taniguchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.287","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells suppress polyclonal T cell activation in vitro by inhibiting interleukin 2 production","volume":"188","author":"Thornton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.06.001","article-title":"First-in-man clinical results of the treatment of patients with graft versus host disease with human ex vivo expanded CD4+CD25+CD127- T regulatory cells","volume":"133","author":"Trzonkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.012","article-title":"Continuous T cell receptor signals maintain a functional regulatory T cell pool","volume":"41","author":"Vahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2579","article-title":"Deficient CD4+CD25high T regulatory cell function in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"178","author":"Valencia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2062-4","article-title":"The common \u03b3-chain cytokine receptor: tricks-and-treats for T cells","volume":"73","author":"Waickman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3554","article-title":"Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8815280","article-title":"The generation and regulation of tissue-resident Tregs and their role in autoimmune diseases","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-25-0367","article-title":"CHS-114: an afucosylated anti-CCR8 monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes intratumoral Treg cells and induces antitumor immune responses","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp6519","article-title":"CAR Treg cells mediate linked suppression and infectious tolerance in islet transplantation in mice","volume":"17","author":"Wardell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000631","article-title":"Dose-escalated interleukin-2 therapy for refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease in adults and children","volume":"3","author":"Whangbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/83707","article-title":"X-linked neonatal diabetes mellitus, enteropathy and endocrinopathy syndrome is the human equivalent of mouse scurfy","volume":"27","author":"Wildin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907396106","article-title":"Adoptive therapy with redirected primary regulatory T cells results in antigen-specific suppression of arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1674","article-title":"The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-081646","article-title":"A2A receptor signaling promotes peripheral tolerance by inducing T-cell anergy and the generation of adaptive regulatory T cells","volume":"111","author":"Zarek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.6.2385-2396.2004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 inhibits interleukin-12 p40 gene transcription by targeting a late event in the activation pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1774","article-title":"Instability of the transcription factor Foxp3 leads to the generation of pathogenic memory T cells in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Investigative Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X26012200?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022202X26012200?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T08:28:58Z","timestamp":1791016138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022202X26012200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022202X26012200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-202X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-202X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regulatory T cells: From Foxp3 to tolerance-inducing therapies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jid.2026.05.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}