{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:53:07Z","timestamp":1786992787417,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]],"date-time":"2008-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1217548800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunological Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]],"date-time":"2008-06-10T04:09:39Z","timestamp":1213070979000},"page":"42-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["An improved method for development of toxoid vaccines and antitoxins"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Russell G.A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rigsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Sesardic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022566417422","article-title":"Covalent structure of botulinum neurotoxin type B; location of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bridge and identification of C-termini of light and heavy chains","volume":"17","author":"Antharavally","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Protein Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022572332150","article-title":"Status of Cys residues in the covalent structure of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B, and E","volume":"17","author":"Antharavally","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Protein Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94342-5","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Clostridium botulinum type B toxin","volume":"244","author":"Beers","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.10.3053-3057.1989","article-title":"Inactivation of botulinum and tetanus toxins by chelators","volume":"57","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib5","first-page":"701","article-title":"Preparation and assay of the international standards for Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and E antitoxins","volume":"29","author":"Bowmer","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36861-9","article-title":"A role for the interchain disulfide or its participating thiols in the internalization of botulinum neurotoxin A revealed by a toxin derivative that binds to ecto-acceptors and inhibits transmitter release intracellularly","volume":"268","author":"De Paiva","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90130-0","article-title":"The formalin test: a quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats","volume":"4","author":"Dubuisson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.90.5.697","article-title":"Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. IX. Immunologic response of man to purified pentavalent ABCDE botulinum toxoid","volume":"90","author":"Fiock","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(66)90104-8","article-title":"Studies on the active region of botulinus toxins. I. Involvement and characterisation of a peptide in the region of the single cysteine residue in botulinus toxins types A, B and E","volume":"117","author":"Gerwing","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-135-35008","article-title":"Botulinal toxin and toxoid as antigens","volume":"135","author":"Heimsch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.337","article-title":"Experience with the use of an investigational F(ab')2 heptavalent botulism immune globulin of equine origin during an outbreak of type E botulism in Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Hibbs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.05.007","article-title":"Botulinum type A toxin neutralisation by specific IgG and its fragments: a comparison of mouse systemic toxicity and local flaccid paralysis assays","volume":"48","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2005.11.009","article-title":"A review of WHO International Standards for botulinum antitoxins","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702286","article-title":"The effects of specific antibody fragments on the \u2018irreversible\u2019 neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom","volume":"126","author":"Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.09.014","article-title":"Development of improved SNAP25 endopeptidase immuno-assays for botulinum type A and E toxins","volume":"329","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(70)90012-7","article-title":"The role of sulfhydryl groups in the activity of type A botulinum toxin","volume":"214","author":"Knox","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.4.2190","article-title":"A novel neurotoxoid vaccine prevents mucosal botulism","volume":"174","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.10.4.750-756.1974","article-title":"Purification and some properties of progenitor toxins of Clostridium botulinum type B","volume":"10","author":"Kozaki","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21950","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.34.21950","article-title":"Binding and transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin by polarized human colon carcinoma cells","volume":"273","author":"Maksymowych","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-200101000-00004","article-title":"Antitoxin therapy for botulinum intoxication","volume":"12","author":"Mayers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1456","article-title":"A potential molecular mechanism for hypersensitivity caused by formalin-inactivated vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.2.625-630.1991","article-title":"Properties of pertussis toxin mutant PT-9K\/129G after formaldehyde treatment","volume":"59","author":"Nencioni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib23","first-page":"125","article-title":"The reaction of bacterial toxins with formaldehyde and its use for antigen stabilization","volume":"87","author":"Petre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. Stand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00223199","article-title":"Reductive methylation of lysine residues of botulinum neurotoxin types A and B","volume":"83","author":"Sathyamoorthy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.717","article-title":"Neurotoxins affecting neuroexocytosis","volume":"80","author":"Schiavo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20021","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against botulinum toxins","volume":"19","author":"Sesardic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00011","article-title":"Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic review","volume":"129","author":"Shapiro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.11.2351-2356.1988","article-title":"Human immune response to botulinum pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid determined by a neutralization test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"26","author":"Siegel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.003","article-title":"Transglutaminase 2 inhibitors and their therapeutic role in disease states","volume":"115","author":"Siegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.058149","article-title":"The role of the interchain disulfide bond in governing the pharmacological actions of botulinum toxin","volume":"308","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-145-38002","article-title":"Disulfide-immunogenicity relationship of botulinal toxins","volume":"145","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00157-3","article-title":"Production and immunogenic efficacy of botulinum tetravalent (A, B, E, F) toxoid","volume":"20","author":"Torii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00577111","article-title":"Effect of tetranitromethane on the biological activities of botulinum neurotoxin types A, B and E","volume":"85","author":"Woody","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.84.4.384","article-title":"Studies on immunity to toxins of Clostridium botulinum. V. Detoxification of purified type A and type B toxins, and the antigenicity of univalent and bivalent aluminium phosphate adsorbed toxoids","volume":"84","author":"Wright","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunological Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022175908001865?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022175908001865?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T15:27:32Z","timestamp":1684423652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022175908001865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022175908001865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2008.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1759","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}