{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:50:05Z","timestamp":1785912605448,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,6,17]],"date-time":"2027-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1813190400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":351,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15 CA267840-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15 CA267840-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunological Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:02:28Z","timestamp":1781222548000},"page":"114079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intracellular CD3 and surface CD8\u03b2 distinguish activated human T cells from natural killer cells after \u03b1CD3\/\u03b1CD28 stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"549","author":[{"given":"Cade M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia C.","family":"Alzugaray Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw365","article-title":"A phase 1 study of 4 live, recombinant human cytomegalovirus Towne\/Toledo chimera vaccines in cytomegalovirus-seronegative men","volume":"214","author":"Adler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(90)90260-X","article-title":"Differential expression of CD8 alpha and CD8 beta associated with MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cytolytic effector cells","volume":"131","author":"Baume","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0312","article-title":"Multidimensional analyses of donor memory-like NK cells reveal new associations with response after adoptive immunotherapy for leukemia","volume":"10","author":"Berrien-Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2010.08.003","article-title":"CD56 negative NK cells: origin, function, and role in chronic viral disease","volume":"31","author":"Bj\u00f6rkstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-077438","article-title":"Human natural killer cells","volume":"112","author":"Caligiuri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.4.1283","article-title":"Mechanisms of T cell activation by the calcium ionophore ionomycin","volume":"143","author":"Chatila","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0035","article-title":"Comprehensive snapshots of natural killer cells functions, signaling, molecular mechanisms and clinical utilization","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.731845","article-title":"Superantigen recognition and interactions: functions, mechanisms and applications","volume":"12","author":"Deacy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-08-238469","article-title":"Regulation of human NK-cell cytokine and chemokine production by target cell recognition","volume":"115","author":"Fauriat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/248698a0","article-title":"Activation of human T and B lymphocytes by polyclonal mitogens","volume":"248","author":"Greaves","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.5.1717","article-title":"Effects of concanavalin A and a succinylated derivative on lymphocyte proliferation and cyclic nucleotide levels","volume":"73","author":"Hadden","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402295101","article-title":"Crystal structure of the human T cell receptor CD3\u03b5\u03b3 heterodimer complexed to the therapeutic mAb OKT3","volume":"101","author":"Kjer-Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4321","article-title":"CD56+ monocytes have a dysregulated cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide and accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis and immunosenescence","volume":"15","author":"Krasselt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.6.2233","article-title":"Identity of Leu-19 (CD56) leukocyte differentiation antigen and neural cell adhesion molecule","volume":"169","author":"Lanier","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636720","article-title":"Single cell analysis of blood mononuclear cells stimulated through either LPS or anti-CD3 and anti-CD28","volume":"12","author":"Lawlor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5808\/gi.23009","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies distinct transcriptomic signatures between PMA\/ionomycin- and \u03b1CD3\/\u03b1CD28-activated primary human T cells","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genom. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02247.x","article-title":"Construction and characterization of a humanized anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody 12F6 with effective immunoregulation functions","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)00066-2","article-title":"On the dynamics of TCR:CD3 complex cell surface expression and downmodulation","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502570","article-title":"Human CD56bright NK cells: an update","volume":"196","author":"Michel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22302","article-title":"Human NK cell receptors\/markers: a tool to analyze NK cell development, subsets and function","volume":"83A","author":"Montaldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161988","article-title":"Fibroblast-adapted human CMV vaccines elicit predominantly conventional CD8 T cell responses in humans","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1462","article-title":"IFN-\u03b1 skews monocytes into CD56+-expressing dendritic cells with potent functional activities in vitro and in vivo","volume":"180","author":"Papewalis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.11.006","article-title":"Natural killer cell subsets and receptor expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a healthy Korean population: reference range, influence of age and sex, and correlation between NK cell receptors and cytotoxicity","volume":"78","author":"Phan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-4","article-title":"TCR activation kinetics and feedback regulation in primary human T cells","volume":"11","author":"Poltorak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0163-3","article-title":"Shining light on the significance of NK cell CD56 brightness","volume":"15","author":"Poznanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707830","article-title":"In-depth profiling of T-cell responsiveness to commonly recognized CMV antigens in older people reveals important sex differences","volume":"12","author":"Reus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(90)90210-M","article-title":"The use of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies to clone and expand human antigen-specific T cells","volume":"128","author":"Riddell","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.3.12968","article-title":"CD28 co-signaling in the adaptive immune response","volume":"1","author":"Riha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self\/Nonself"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.9.3047","article-title":"A conformational epitope expressed upon association of CD3-epsilon with either CD3-delta or CD3-gamma is the main target for recognition by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"147","author":"Salmer\u00f3n","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.10.1859","article-title":"Degradation of T cell receptor (TCR)\u2013CD3-\u03b6 complexes after antigenic stimulation","volume":"185","author":"Valitutti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00892","article-title":"CD56 in the immune system: more than a marker for cytotoxicity?","volume":"8","author":"Van Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.383","article-title":"Separate signaling events control TCR downregulation and T cell activation in primary human T cells","volume":"9","author":"van der Donk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-353789","article-title":"Human MAIT and CD8\u03b1\u03b1 cells develop from a pool of type-17 precommitted CD8+ T cells","volume":"119","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02864","article-title":"TCR and CD28 concomitant stimulation elicits a distinctive calcium response in naive T cells","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0205","article-title":"Integrated analysis of sex differences in human dendritic cell, monocyte, and natural killer cell subsets","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2019.08.012","article-title":"In vitro assays for effector T cell functions and activity of immunomodulatory antibodies","volume":"631","author":"Zappasodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunological Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022175926000554?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022175926000554?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1785910693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022175926000554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0022175926000554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1759","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intracellular CD3 and surface CD8\u03b2 distinguish activated human T cells from natural killer cells after \u03b1CD3\/\u03b1CD28 stimulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Immunological Methods","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2026.114079","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114079"}}