{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T08:49:09Z","timestamp":1791103749389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,19]],"date-time":"2005-07-19T10:20:40Z","timestamp":1121768440000},"page":"169-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Procalcitonin and neopterin correlation with aetiology and severity of pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Prat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Andreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeles","family":"Pallar\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Cuchillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ramil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ruiz-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Ausina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.at1010","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"163","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-200005000-00015","article-title":"Advances in antimicrobial therapy for respiratory tract infections","volume":"6","author":"Mushatt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib3","series-title":"Pulmonary infections and immunity","first-page":"1","article-title":"Defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract","author":"Canto","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib4","first-page":"297","article-title":"The role of cytokines in bacterial pneumonia: an inflammatory balancing act","volume":"110","author":"Moore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2005068","article-title":"Increased levels of nitrate and surfactant protein A nitration in the pulmonary edema fluid of patients with acute lung injury","volume":"163","author":"Zhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.3.8087341","article-title":"Compartimentalized cytokine production within the human lung in unilateral pneumonia","volume":"150","author":"Dehoux","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549509047046","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Ortqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113582","article-title":"IL-1beta and IL-6 in community-acquired pneumonia: bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia versus Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"Lieberman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1053\/jcrc.2000.16460","article-title":"The clinical features of severe community-acquired pneumonia presenting as septic shock. Norasept II Study Investigators","volume":"15","author":"Marik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2109004","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and angiostatin are mediators of endothelial cytotoxicity in bronchoalveolar lavages of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Hamacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2105057","article-title":"A role of vascular endothelial growth factor in acute and resolving lung injury","volume":"166","author":"Thickett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90277-N","article-title":"High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection","volume":"341","author":"Assicot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01740811","article-title":"Procalcitonin\u2014a new indicator of the systemic response to severe infections","volume":"6","author":"Karzai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(99)90053-7","article-title":"Procalcitonin expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its modulation by lipopolysaccharides and sepsis-related cytokines in vitro","volume":"134","author":"Oberhoffer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41304","article-title":"Production of procalcitonin (PCT) in non-thyroidal tissue after LPS injection","volume":"35","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00367.x","article-title":"Neopterin: a review","volume":"8","author":"Hammerlinck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00910.x","article-title":"Modulation of neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation by Th1-and Th2-derived cytokines in human monocytic cells","volume":"116","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.6.1148","article-title":"Monocyte-derived dendritic cells release neopterin","volume":"72","author":"Wirleitner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200101000-00023","article-title":"In vitro modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide synthesis by procalcitonin","volume":"29","author":"Hoffman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000023950","article-title":"Neopterin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro","volume":"116","author":"Hoffman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(98)80064-8","article-title":"Neopterin induces nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"199","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198811000-00007","article-title":"Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and latex particle agglutination in the etiologic diagnosis of presumed bacterial pneumonia in pediatric patients","volume":"7","author":"Rusconi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib23","first-page":"770","article-title":"Detection of type-specific pneumococcal antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Methodology and immunologic properties of pneumococcal antigens","volume":"81","author":"Coonrod","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00308-X","article-title":"Assessment of a new test to detect Legionella urinary antigen for the diagnosis of Legionnaire's disease","volume":"41","author":"Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701233360402","article-title":"A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"336","author":"Fine","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.5803-5813.2003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the acute inflammatory response to infection with Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"71","author":"Feezor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s150100050049","article-title":"Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in community-acquired pneumonia: correlation with etiology and prognosis","volume":"28","author":"Hedlund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.305","article-title":"Mechanism of Gram-positive shock: identification of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid moieties essential in the induction of nitric oxide synthase, shock and multiple organ failure","volume":"188","author":"Kengatharan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0854","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo calcitonin I gene expression in parenchymal cells: a novel product of human adipose tissue","volume":"144","author":"Linscheid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.3.401-403.1998","article-title":"Serum cytokines in patients with Legionella pneumonia: relative predominance of Th1-type cytokines","volume":"5","author":"Tateda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.127206","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"13","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00055103","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a diagnostic tool in lower respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Polzin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.3.776","article-title":"BAL neopterin: a novel marker for cell-mediated immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer","volume":"119","author":"Mohamed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007615","article-title":"Neopterin levels and pulmonary tuberculosis in infants","volume":"176","author":"Horak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib35","first-page":"175","article-title":"Neopterin as a marker for cell-mediated immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"1","author":"Immanuel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07071233","article-title":"Changes in serum neopterin and serum beta 2-microglobulin in subjects with lung infections","volume":"7","author":"Carstens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199704000-00009","article-title":"Cytokines, nitrite\/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia","volume":"25","author":"De Werra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000610","article-title":"Effect of sepsis and cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on plasma level of nitric oxide metabolites, neopterin and procalcitonin: correlation with mortality and postoperative complications","volume":"26","author":"Adamik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2002.460412.x","article-title":"Procalcitonin and neopterin as indicators of infection in critically ill patients","volume":"46","author":"Ruokonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199910000-00016","article-title":"Discrimination of infectious and noninfectious causes of early acute respiratory distress syndrome by procalcitonin","volume":"27","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00349.x","article-title":"Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and APACHE II score for risk evaluation in patients with severe pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II. A severity of disease classification system","volume":"13","author":"Knaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.6.1422","article-title":"Procalcitonin is a marker of severity of renal lesions in pyelonephritis","volume":"102","author":"Benador","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000095197.72976.4f","article-title":"Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and leukocyte count in children with lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"22","author":"Prat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15591-8","article-title":"Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial","volume":"363","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445305001490?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445305001490?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T15:29:34Z","timestamp":1758986974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445305001490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445305001490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Procalcitonin and neopterin correlation with aetiology and severity of pneumonia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.05.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 The British Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}