{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T06:16:44Z","timestamp":1790230604980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]],"date-time":"2009-09-23T10:50:58Z","timestamp":1253703058000},"page":"36-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of citrate\/methylene blue\/parabens\/IPA solution as a skin disinfectant"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Janusz","family":"Steczko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Ash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Guillem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2045-z","article-title":"The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters","volume":"30","author":"Safdar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.06.007","article-title":"Diagnosis of central venous catheter related infection in adult patients","volume":"51","author":"Worthington","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.19.2066","article-title":"Chlorhexidine-based antiseptic solution vs alcohol-based povidone-iodine for central venous catheter care","volume":"167","author":"Mimoz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1086\/501572","article-title":"The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs","volume":"20","author":"Kirkland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) Hospital infection control practices advisory committee","volume":"27","author":"Mangram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.2.174","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis for major surgery: baseline results from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project","volume":"140","author":"Bratzler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.11.001","article-title":"A systems approach to preoperative surgical patient skin preparation","volume":"32","author":"Seal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.14.1868","article-title":"Excess length of stay, charges, and mortality attributable to medical injuries during hospitalization","volume":"290","author":"Zhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSN.0000306182.50071.e2","article-title":"A review of anti-septic agents for pre-operative skin preparation","volume":"27","author":"Digison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Surg Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1086\/503460","article-title":"Administration of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol is effective in 30 seconds","volume":"23","author":"Hibbard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00129804-200207000-00007","article-title":"A clinical study comparing the skin antisepsis and safety of ChloraPrep, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and 2% aqueous chlorhexidine","volume":"25","author":"Hibbard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00129804-200505000-00008","article-title":"Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review","volume":"28","author":"Hibbard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.05.015","article-title":"Evaluation of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol skin disinfectant","volume":"61","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib15","series-title":"Annual book of ASTM standards-water and environmental technology","article-title":"E1054-02. Standard test methods for evaluation of inactivators of antimicrobial agents","author":"ASTM","year":"11052002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib16","series-title":"Handbook of topical antimicrobials","first-page":"365","article-title":"A guide for validation of neutralizer systems used in topical antimicrobial efficacy evaluations","author":"Beausoleil","year":"2003"},{"issue":"116","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib17","first-page":"31441","article-title":"Topical antimicrobials drug products for over-the-counter human use: tentative final monograph for healthcare antiseptic drug products-proposed rule","volume":"59","author":"FDA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(07)60002-4","article-title":"epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England","volume":"65","author":"Pratt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"RR-10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Centers for Disease control and prevention","volume":"51","author":"O'Grady","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"8763","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90479-9","article-title":"Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters","volume":"338","author":"Maki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2282-9","article-title":"Combined skin disinfection with chlorhexidine\/propanol and aqueous povidone-iodine reduces bacterial colonisation of central venous catheters","volume":"30","author":"Langgartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn325","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"62","author":"Karpanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.06.012","article-title":"Comparative of a new and innovative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate as topical antiseptic for preparation of the skin prior to surgery","volume":"35","author":"Edmiston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.054","article-title":"Preoperative shower revisited: can high topical antiseptic levels be achieved on the skin surface before surgical admission?","volume":"207","author":"Edmiston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn776","article-title":"Microbial inactivation properties of a new antimicrobial\/antithrombotic catheter lock solution (citrate\/methylene blue\/parabens)","volume":"24","author":"Steczko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp060","article-title":"Effect of a solution containing citrate\/methylene blue\/parabens on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and biofilm, and comparison with various heparin solutions","volume":"63","author":"Sauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00007","article-title":"Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine solution for vascular catheter-site care: a meta-analysis","volume":"136","author":"Chaiyakunapruk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2092(06)61035-1","article-title":"Preoperative skin preparation of cardiac patients","volume":"76","author":"Segal","year":"2002","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.07.012","article-title":"Zinc pyrithione in alcohol-based products for skin antisepsis: persistence of antimicrobial effects","volume":"33","author":"Guthery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/112972980700800408","article-title":"Effect of ethanol\/trisodium citrate lock on microorganisms causing hemodialysis catheter-related infections","volume":"8","author":"Takla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn291","article-title":"Effectiveness of a 30% ethanol\/4% trisodium citrate locking solution in preventing biofilm formation by organisms causing haemodialysis catheter-related infections","volume":"62","author":"Takla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00625.x","article-title":"Assessment of principal parabens used in cosmetics after their passage through human epidermis-dermis layers (ex-vivo study)","volume":"16","author":"El Hussein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000425530","article-title":"Percutaneous penetration (dermatopharmacokinetics) in evaluating barrier creams","volume":"25","author":"Zhai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.1988-1990.2003","article-title":"Eradication of resident bacteria of normal human skin by antimicrobial ointment","volume":"47","author":"Hendley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00637-08","article-title":"Penetration of chlorhexidine into human skin","volume":"52","author":"Karpanen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02249.x","article-title":"Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"45","author":"Houari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib37","first-page":"123","article-title":"Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine: literature review","volume":"36","author":"Beaudouin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2008.23.3.526","article-title":"A case of anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine during digital rectal examination","volume":"23","author":"Bae","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00107-2","article-title":"Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature","volume":"40","author":"Soni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013_bib40","first-page":"57","article-title":"Parabens: a review of epidemiology, structure, allergenicity, and hormonal properties","volume":"16","author":"Cashman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatitis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445309002722?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445309002722?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:13:02Z","timestamp":1759007582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445309002722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445309002722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of citrate\/methylene blue\/parabens\/IPA solution as a skin disinfectant","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.09.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 The British Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}