{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:36:12Z","timestamp":1787884572469,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,4]],"date-time":"2010-10-04T05:01:57Z","timestamp":1286168517000},"page":"67-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Alkhumra (Alkhurma) virus outbreak in Najran, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological, clinical, and Laboratory characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Tariq A.","family":"Madani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esam I.","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El-Tayeb M.E.","family":"Abuelzein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujahed","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein M.S.","family":"Al-Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Abu-Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Niedrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Ksiazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel flavivirus: Makkah region 1994\u20131996","volume":"3","author":"Qattan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Saudi Epi Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90215-7","article-title":"Isolation of a flavivirus related to the tick-borne encephalitis complex from human cases in Saudi Arabia","volume":"91","author":"Zaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.11.012","article-title":"Alkhumra virus infection, a new viral hemorrhagic fever in Saudi Arabia","volume":"51","author":"Madani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.041298","article-title":"Low diversity of Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, Saudi Arabia, 1994\u20131999","volume":"11","author":"Charrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S177","DOI":"10.1086\/514321","article-title":"Clinical virology of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF): virus, virus antigen, and IgG and IgM antibody findings among EHF patients in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995","volume":"179","author":"Ksiazek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib6","first-page":"S191","article-title":"ELISA for the detection of antibodies to Ebola viruses","volume":"179","author":"Ksiazek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(93)90174-P","article-title":"Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the tick, Hyalomma truncatum","volume":"42","author":"Logan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020195","article-title":"Genetic analysis of viruses associated with emergence of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, 2000\u201301","volume":"8","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.11.020","article-title":"Validation of IgG-sandwich and IgMcapture ELISA for the detection of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in humans","volume":"124","author":"Paweska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2323-2330.2002","article-title":"Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Dengue virus, and Yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR","volume":"40","author":"Drosten","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.6.867-871.2000","article-title":"Evaluation of six immunoassays for detection of Dengue virus-specific immunoglobulin M and G antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Groen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S730","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_4.S730","article-title":"Epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever viruses","volume":"11","author":"LeDuc","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5610","article-title":"Complete coding sequence of the Alkhurma virus, a tick-borne flavivirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans in Saudi Arabia","volume":"287","author":"Charrel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.061094","article-title":"Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus in Ornithodoros savignyi ticks","volume":"13","author":"Charrel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib15","first-page":"296","article-title":"The Alkhurma virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus): an emerging pathogen responsible for hemorrhage fever in the Middle East","volume":"63","author":"Charrel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.08.011","article-title":"Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus is an emerging tick-borne flavivirus","volume":"52","author":"Charrel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82088-0","article-title":"Mutagenesis analysis of the NS2B determinants of the Alkhurma virus NS2B-NS3 protease activation","volume":"87","author":"Pastorino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/378747","article-title":"Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia; epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Madani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.19.439","article-title":"Isolation of a virus serologically related to the bluetongue group from an outbreak of haemorrhagic disease among exotic deer in Saudi Arabia","volume":"131","author":"Abuelzein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.140.24.630","article-title":"Bovine ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia","volume":"140","author":"Abuelzein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.142.8.196","article-title":"Arbovirus infections of ruminants in Al-Rob Al-Khali desert","volume":"142","author":"Abuelzein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib22","first-page":"243","article-title":"A study on bluetongue virus infection in Saudi Arabia using sentinel ruminants","volume":"65","author":"Abuelzein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Onderst J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.18.3.1188","article-title":"Observations on the recent epizootic of Bovine Ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Abuelzein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Sci Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.3.1540","article-title":"Abortions, stillbirths and deformities in sheep at Al-Ahsa oasis in eastern Saudi Arabia: isolation of a bluetongue serogroup virus from the affected lambs","volume":"23","author":"Housawi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Sci Off Int Epiz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib25","first-page":"115","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of four Culicoides Spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at Al-Ahsa oasis, eastern province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Abuelzein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Onderst J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/22.2.232","article-title":"Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from adult Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"22","author":"McLean","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030517","article-title":"Ixodid and argasid tick species and West Nile Virus","volume":"10","author":"Lawrie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib28","first-page":"65","article-title":"Evolution and dispersal of encephalitic flaviviruses","volume":"18","author":"Gould","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Virol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib29","first-page":"283","article-title":"The sand tampan, Ornithodoros savignyi, as a model for tick-host interactions","volume":"100","author":"Mans","year":"2004","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.176","article-title":"Replication and dissemination of Rift Valley fever virus in Culex Pipiens","volume":"33","author":"Turell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.151","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"30","author":"Reisen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.277","article-title":"Epizootic activity of Murray valley encephalitis and Kunjin viruses in an aboriginal community in the southeast Kimberley region of Western Australia: results of mosquito fauna and virus isolation studies","volume":"69","author":"Broom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289a","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016344531000294X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016344531000294X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:15:26Z","timestamp":1759007726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016344531000294X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S016344531000294X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alkhumra (Alkhurma) virus outbreak in Najran, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological, clinical, and Laboratory characteristics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.032","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2010 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}