{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:17:50Z","timestamp":1781014670645,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,11]],"date-time":"2016-11-11T12:47:10Z","timestamp":1478868430000},"page":"215-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Herpes zoster as a marker of occult cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"S.A.J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.C.","family":"Sch\u00f8nheyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.T.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.M.","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Cronin-Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00857-0","article-title":"What does epidemiology tell us about risk factors for herpes zoster?","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-01003","article-title":"Herpes zoster","volume":"154","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.13","article-title":"The risk of a subsequent cancer diagnosis after herpes zoster infection: primary care database study","volume":"108","author":"Cotton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602120","article-title":"The risk and prognosis of cancer after hospitalisation for herpes zoster: a population-based follow-up study","volume":"91","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120155","article-title":"Herpes zoster and subsequent risk of cancer: a population-based study","volume":"23","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib6","first-page":"e68","article-title":"Herpes zoster as a marker of underlying malignancy","volume":"7","author":"Iglar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813001702","article-title":"Association between recent herpes zoster but not herpes simplex infection and subsequent risk of malignancy in women: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"142","author":"Buntinx","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib8","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Gastrointestinal cancer and herpes zoster in adults","volume":"50","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib9","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Herpes zoster and malignancy","volume":"42","author":"Zaha","year":"1993","journal-title":"Masui"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(83)90165-0","article-title":"A comparison of the logistic risk function and the proportional hazards model in prospective epidemiologic studies","volume":"36","author":"Green","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.6.1189","article-title":"What does the odds ratio estimate in a case-control study?","volume":"22","author":"Pearce","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2090","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2090","article-title":"How to obtain the confidence interval from a P value","volume":"343","author":"Altman","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited","volume":"45","author":"DerSimonian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"7414","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7168","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7168.1309","article-title":"Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat","volume":"317","author":"Altman","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009155","article-title":"Does prior infection with varicella-zoster virus influence risk of adult glioma?","volume":"145","author":"Wrensch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102013000901172","article-title":"Infection and childhood leukemia: review of evidence","volume":"47","author":"Maia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev saude publica"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib22","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Is zoster a sign of undiagnosed cancer?","volume":"72","author":"Molin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lakartidningen"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603999","article-title":"Hodgkin's lymphoma and infection: findings from a UK case-control study","volume":"97","author":"Newton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0954-9","article-title":"Increased risk of cancer after Bell's palsy: a 5-year follow-up study","volume":"110","author":"Sheu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199511000-00001","article-title":"Herpes zoster and internal malignancy","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib26","first-page":"486","article-title":"Is herpes zoster a risk factor for subsequent malignancy?","volume":"17","author":"Nassaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Koomesh"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.18","article-title":"Hodgkin's disease: case control epidemiological study in Yorkshire","volume":"55","author":"Bernard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"511","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib28","first-page":"102","article-title":"Is herpes zoster a marker for occult or subsequent malignancy?","volume":"55","author":"Buntinx","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(89)90168-9","article-title":"The epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the north-east of Italy: a hospital-based case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Franceschi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.008","article-title":"Increased risk of a cancer diagnosis after herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"118","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg145","article-title":"Population-based study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, histology, and medical history among human immunodeficiency virus-negative participants in San Francisco","volume":"158","author":"Holly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181be6bfe","article-title":"Occupational exposures and Hodgkin lymphoma: Canadian case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Karunanayake","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000205160","article-title":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia in Yorkshire: a case control study","volume":"83","author":"McKinney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-9-141","article-title":"Ethnicity and incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma in Canadian population","volume":"9","author":"Pahwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000083033.56116.c1","article-title":"Exposure to animals and selected risk factors among Canadian farm residents with Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, or soft tissue sarcoma","volume":"45","author":"Pahwa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910470307","article-title":"Socio-economic indicators, infectious diseases and Hodgkin's disease","volume":"47","author":"Serraino","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib37","first-page":"157","article-title":"Non-occupational risk factors for adult soft-tissue sarcoma in northern Italy","volume":"2","author":"Serraino","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0078","article-title":"Specific infections, infection-related behavior, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults","volume":"15","author":"Vajdic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(74)90072-3","article-title":"Use of the medical history to predict the future occurrence of leukemias in adults","volume":"3","author":"Viadana","year":"1974","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E804","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.120518","article-title":"Risk of cancer among patients with herpes zoster infection: a population-based study","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib41","first-page":"419","article-title":"Prior medical conditions and medication use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Connecticut United States women","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.6.431","article-title":"Haematopoietic cancer and medical history: a multicentre case control study","volume":"54","author":"Vineis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70195-2","article-title":"Herpes zoster and occult malignancy","volume":"11","author":"Fueyo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.4.512","article-title":"Epidemiology of herpes zoster in children and adolescents: a population-based study","volume":"76","author":"Guess","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-1033","article-title":"Herpes zoster and risk of cancer in the elderly U.S. population","volume":"25","author":"Mahale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208123070701","article-title":"Risk of cancer after herpes zoster: a population-based study","volume":"307","author":"Ragozzino","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.52.6.374","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas by histological type in farming-animal breeding workers: a population case-control study based on job titles","volume":"52","author":"Amadori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.173","article-title":"Common infection-related conditions and risk of lymphoid malignancies in older individuals","volume":"110","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07849.x","article-title":"Common community acquired infections and subsequent risk of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"147","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1094693","article-title":"Risk of multiple myeloma in a case-spouse study","volume":"57","author":"Andreotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27438","article-title":"Self-reported history of infections and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an InterLymph pooled analysis","volume":"131","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"19 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib52","first-page":"5510s","article-title":"Prior medication use and health history as risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: preliminary results from a case-control study in Los Angeles County","volume":"52","author":"Bernstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-121285","article-title":"Risk of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance among white and black male United States veterans with prior autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, and allergic disorders","volume":"111","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(98)80012-X","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: case control epidemiological study in Yorkshire","volume":"12","author":"Cartwright","year":"1988","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.158","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: case control epidemiological study in Yorkshire","volume":"56","author":"Cartwright","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1988.118","article-title":"Multiple myeloma\u2013a case-control study","volume":"57","author":"Cuzick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib57","first-page":"449","article-title":"Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma following selected medical conditions","volume":"3","author":"Doody","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/56.5.891","article-title":"Epidemiology of diseases in adult males with leukemia","volume":"56","author":"Gibson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.172","article-title":"Medical history and the risk of multiple myeloma","author":"Gramenzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2012.632726","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma and pesticides exposure in men: a Canadian case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Karunanayake","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114744","article-title":"Antigenic stimulation and the occurrence of multiple myeloma","volume":"126","author":"Koepsell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.1515","article-title":"Racial differences in chronic immune stimulatory conditions and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in veterans from the United States","volume":"29","author":"Koshiol","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.4","article-title":"Chronic immune stimulation and subsequent Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia","volume":"168","author":"Koshiol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-015-1772-6","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma risk following infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases: a large population-based case-control study from Sweden","volume":"101","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.34.8540","article-title":"Chronic immune stimulation might act as a trigger for the development of acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"29","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq043","article-title":"Immune-related and inflammatory conditions and risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia","volume":"102","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06859.x","article-title":"Acquired immune-related and inflammatory conditions and subsequent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"139","author":"Landgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib68","first-page":"533","article-title":"Medical history and the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas","volume":"1","author":"La Vecchia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib69","first-page":"529","article-title":"Multiple myeloma among blacks and whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-503","article-title":"Herpes zoster is associated with an increased risk of subsequent lymphoid malignancies \u2013 a nationwide population-based matched-control study in Taiwan","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199009042516","article-title":"Yorkshire case control study of leukaemias and lymphomas parallel multivariate analyses of seven disease categories","volume":"2","author":"McKinney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12671","article-title":"Community-acquired infections associated with increased risk of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma\/Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinaemia","volume":"164","author":"McShane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28479","article-title":"Common community-acquired infections and subsequent risk of multiple myeloma: a population-based study","volume":"134","author":"McShane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib74","first-page":"277","article-title":"Multiple myeloma and work in agriculture: results of a case-control study in Forl\u00ec, Italy","volume":"9","author":"Nanni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/1059924X.2012.632339","article-title":"Multiple myeloma and exposure to pesticides: a Canadian case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Pahwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Agromedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2012.08.016","article-title":"Infectious diseases and risk of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-control study","volume":"36","author":"Parodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200002000-00008","article-title":"Medical history and risk of Hodgkin\u201cs and non-Hodgkin\u201ds lymphomas","volume":"9","author":"Tavani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2013.10.009","article-title":"Community-acquired infections and their association with myeloid malignancies","volume":"38","author":"Titmarsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/3.suppl_2.S85","article-title":"Risk factors for adult soft tissue sarcoma in northern Italy","volume":"3","author":"Franceschi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2621","article-title":"Long-term anti-inflammatory and antihistamine medication use and adult glioma risk","volume":"17","author":"Scheurer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009154","article-title":"Familial and personal medical history of cancer and nervous system conditions among adults with glioma and controls","volume":"145","author":"Wrensch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi119","article-title":"History of chickenpox and shingles and prevalence of antibodies to varicella-zoster virus and three other herpesviruses among adults with glioma and controls","volume":"161","author":"Wrensch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0815","article-title":"The epidemiology of herpes zoster in patients with newly diagnosed cancer","volume":"22","author":"Habel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib84","series-title":"New malignancies among cancer survivors: SEER cancer registries, 1973\u20132000","author":"Curtis","year":"2006"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815948b5","article-title":"The epidemiology of children hospitalized with herpes zoster in Canada: immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT), 1991\u20132005","volume":"27","author":"Wootton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009567","article-title":"Bias in the standardized mortality ratio when using general population rates to estimate expected number of deaths","volume":"148","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2911","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2911","article-title":"Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: population based case-control study","volume":"348","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00680-5","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in adult patients with brain tumours","volume":"3","author":"Taphoorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib89","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2015","volume":"65","author":"Siegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s002620050586","article-title":"Tumor-induced immune dysfunction","volume":"48","author":"Kiessling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00320340","article-title":"Combined immunodeficiency preceding chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"48","author":"Lenders","year":"1984","journal-title":"Blut"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa075290","article-title":"Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"359","author":"Rawstron","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200023020-00002","article-title":"Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression","volume":"23","author":"Penn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B3","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/48.1.B3","article-title":"The influence of an aging immune system on cancer incidence and progression","volume":"48","author":"Ershler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"9255","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04046-0","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: back to virchow?","volume":"357","author":"Balkwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2005.11.022","article-title":"Is chronic lymphocytic leukemia a response to infectious agents?","volume":"30","author":"Hamblin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2008.02031.x","article-title":"Infectious aetiology of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a review of the epidemiological evidence","volume":"264","author":"Hjalgrim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-9-3","article-title":"Implication of human herpesviruses in oncogenesis through immune evasion and supression","volume":"9","author":"Alibek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Agents Cancer"},{"issue":"4948","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4948.1106","article-title":"Malignant chance arising in tissues affected by herpes","volume":"2","author":"Wyburn-Mason","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00585920","article-title":"Cutaneous pseudolymphoma at the site of prior herpes zoster eruption","volume":"279","author":"Wolff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52327_7.x","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma occurring at site of prior herpes zoster of the scalp: case report of Marjolin ulcer","volume":"52","author":"Mishra","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system","volume":"2","author":"Sopori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nri744","article-title":"Alcohol, host defence and society","volume":"2","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1998.tb02751.x","article-title":"Race and stress in the incidence of herpes zoster in older adults","volume":"46","author":"Schmader","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003653","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster in a large cohort of unvaccinated older adults: a prospective cohort study","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445316302870?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445316302870?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:24:23Z","timestamp":1759008263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445316302870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445316302870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Herpes zoster as a marker of occult cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.11.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}