{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:56:35Z","timestamp":1792587395905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T10:57:28Z","timestamp":1635505048000},"page":"40-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Changes in paediatric respiratory infections at a UK teaching hospital 2016\u20132021; impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6825-9324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila F.","family":"Lumley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Richens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7289-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Cregan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kalimeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moya","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Sarah","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Eyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick W.","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0988-3458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Stoesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa C.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30396-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100986","article-title":"Global burden of upper respiratory infections in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/61.1.115","article-title":"Assessment of the child with recurrent chest infections","volume":"61","author":"Couriel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0004","article-title":"Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): prospective, national surveillance, United Kingdom and Ireland, 2020","volume":"3","author":"Flood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa062","article-title":"Pediatric coronavirus disease-2019-Associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Shulman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10369","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"324","author":"Whittaker","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15601","article-title":"COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory viruses in children in Melbourne","author":"Abo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17651","article-title":"Reduction in incidence of non-COVID-19 respiratory virus infection amongst haematology inpatients following UK social distancing measures","volume":"195","author":"Eyre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30307-2","article-title":"COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"4","author":"Britton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e423","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002845","article-title":"Effect of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections in children in Finland during early 2020","volume":"39","author":"Kuitunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1473","article-title":"Human respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, circulating in the winter season 2019-2020 in Parma, Northern Italy","volume":"102","author":"Calderaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1704","article-title":"The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Mitigation strategies on seasonal respiratory viruses: a tale of 2 large metropolitan centres in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1328","article-title":"Impact of social distancing and travel restrictions on non-coronavirus disease 2019 (Non-COVID-19) respiratory hospital admissions in young children in rural Alaska","volume":"72","author":"Nolen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104795","article-title":"Significant impact of nationwide SARS-CoV-2 lockdown measures on the circulation of other respiratory virus infections in Austria","volume":"137","author":"Redlberger-Fritz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7029a1","article-title":"Changes in influenza and other respiratory virus activity during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, 2020-2021","volume":"70","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0016","first-page":"jiab231","article-title":"Shifting patterns of respiratory virus activity following social distancing measures for COVID-19 in South Korea","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30502-6","article-title":"Physical distancing in schools for SARS-CoV-2 and the resurgence of rhinovirus","volume":"8","author":"Poole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0018","article-title":"Trends in respiratory virus circulation following COVID-19-targeted nonpharmaceutical interventions in Germany, January\u2013September 2020: analysis of national surveillance data","volume":"6","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21157-9","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12854","article-title":"Increased risk of rhinovirus infection in children during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Takashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0021","unstructured":"National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Division of Viral Diseases, RSV National Trends [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Aug 4]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/surveillance\/nrevss\/rsv\/natl-trend.html"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052089","article-title":"Delayed seasonal RSV surge observed during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"148","author":"Agha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0023","first-page":"ciaa1906","article-title":"The interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Australian children following the reduction of coronavirus disease 2019-related public health measures","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","article-title":"A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker)","volume":"5","author":"Hale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0025","first-page":"228","article-title":"Accuracy and efficiency of recording pediatric early warning scores using an electronic physiological surveillance system compared with traditional paper-based documentation","volume":"35","author":"Sefton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Inform Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0026","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency, Respiratory Syncytial Virus -Green Book Chapter 27a [Internet]. cited 2021 Sep 14. Available from: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/458469\/Green_Book_Chapter_27a_v2_0W.PDF"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.29.2100639","article-title":"Low levels of respiratory syncytial virus activity in Europe during the 2020\/21 season: what can we expect in the coming summer and autumn\/winter?","volume":"26","author":"van Summeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0028","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care, COVID-19 Therapeutic Alert - Palivizumab passive immunisation against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in at risk pre-term infants, CAS-ViewAlert [Internet]. [cited 2021 Sep 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cas.mhra.gov.uk\/ViewandAcknowledgment\/ViewAlert.aspx?AlertID=103163"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0029","article-title":"Examining the interseasonal resurgence of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1475","article-title":"Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 public health measures on detections of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in children during the 2020 Australian winter","volume":"72","author":"Yeoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0031","first-page":"ciab240","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in Australia - DELAYED re-emergence in Victoria compared to WA\/NSW after prolonged lock-down for COVID-19","author":"McNab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0032","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global influenza programme - update N\u00b0 400 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Aug 31]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-influenza-programme\/surveillance-and-monitoring\/influenza-updates\/current-influenza-update"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922920117","article-title":"Ecological and individual data both indicate that influenza inhibits rhinovirus infection","volume":"117","author":"Kloepfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","article-title":"Virus-virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold","author":"Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1256","volume":"72","author":"Marriott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy184","article-title":"Investigating viral interference between influenza a virus and human respiratory syncytial virus in a ferret model of infection","volume":"218","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0037","first-page":"e6","article-title":"The impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on the seasonality of human respiratory syncytial virus: a systematic analysis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91466-0","article-title":"Interference between outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus infection","volume":"319","author":"Anestad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0039","unstructured":"Public Health England. Weekly national influenza and COVID-19 report: week 34 report [Internet]. [cited 2021 Aug 31]. Available from: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1013593\/Weekly_Flu_and_COVID-19_report_w34.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16778.1","article-title":"Study pre-protocol for \u201cBronchStart - the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the timing, age and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) emergency presentations; a multi-centre prospective observational cohort study.\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445321005405?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445321005405?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:33:43Z","timestamp":1759008823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445321005405"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445321005405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.10.13.21264956","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changes in paediatric respiratory infections at a UK teaching hospital 2016\u20132021; impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.10.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}