{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:34:41Z","timestamp":1784309681434,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T17:14:15Z","timestamp":1681406055000},"page":"552-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 (clonal complex 29) in England, 2014\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ella V.","family":"Rodwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5846-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gauri","family":"Godbole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8600-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2011.238386","article-title":"Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice","volume":"61","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib2","unstructured":"Public Health England. Gastrointestinal infections: guidance, data and analysis [Internet]; 2021. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/gastrointestinal-infections-guidance-data-and-analysis\u3009."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib3","article-title":"The European Union one health 2020 zoonoses report","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"38\u201339","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib4","first-page":"905","article-title":"Hemolytic-uremic syndrome: bilateral necrosis of the renal cortex in acute acquired hemolytic anemia","volume":"85","author":"Gasser","year":"1955","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2122769","article-title":"Escherichia coli Shiga toxin mechanisms of action in renal disease","volume":"2","author":"Obrig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020299819637","article-title":"Verotoxin\/globotriaosyl ceramide recognition: angiopathy, angiogenesis and antineoplasia","volume":"19","author":"Lingwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001215","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli haemolytic uraemic syndrome (STEC-HUS): diagnosis, surveillance and public-health management in England","volume":"69","author":"Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822000206","article-title":"The epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup O157 in England, 2009-2019","volume":"150","author":"Butt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151485","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, England and Wales, 1983-2012","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.842508","article-title":"Population analysis of O26 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli causing hemolytic uremic syndrome in Italy, 1989-2020, through whole genome sequencing","volume":"12","author":"Michelacci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib11","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection annual epidemiological report for 2019 [Internet]; 2021. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/AER-STEC-2019.pdf\u3009."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit055","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26:H11\/H-: a new virulent clone emerges in Europe","volume":"56","author":"Bielaszewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02290-14","article-title":"Characteristics of emerging human-pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11 strains isolated in France between 2010 and 2013 and carrying the stx2d gene only","volume":"53","author":"Delannoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-13","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Croxen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00860-12","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature","volume":"50","author":"Scheutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.200319","article-title":"Association between Shiga toxin\u2013 producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 stx gene subtype and disease severity, England, 2009\u20132019","volume":"26","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6115-6126.2000","article-title":"The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulator controls expression of both LEE- and non-LEE-encoded virulence factors in enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"68","author":"Elliott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0007-2013","article-title":"The locus of enterocyte effacement and associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.3.1708-1716.2004","article-title":"Temporal shedding patterns and virulence factors of Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145, and O157 in a cohort of beef calves and their dams","volume":"70","author":"Pearce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.06.030","article-title":"Characterization of two major groups of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli O26 strains which are globally spread in human patients and domestic animals of different species","volume":"249","author":"Leomil","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00074","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 strains isolated from animal, food, and clinical samples","volume":"5","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-517","article-title":"Vegetables and restaurant salads as a reservoir for Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli: distribution of virulence factors, O-serogroups, and antibiotic resistance properties","volume":"79","author":"Shakerian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13096","article-title":"Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in pasture-based dairy herds","volume":"68","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821001576","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations identified an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 associated with pre-packed sandwiches","volume":"149","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7016a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O26 infections linked to raw flour \u2013 United States, 2019","volume":"70","author":"Vasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2022.05.011","article-title":"Outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome with unusually severe clinical presentation caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 in France","volume":"29","author":"Minary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001923","article-title":"Real-time genomic investigation underlying the public health response to a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 outbreak in a nursery","volume":"145","author":"Moran-Gilad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000738","article-title":"A case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) revealed an outbreak of Shiga toxin-2-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 infection in a nursery, with long-lasting shedders and person-to-person transmission, Italy 2015","volume":"67","author":"Scavia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib29","first-page":"001375","article-title":"The emerging importance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serogroup O157 in England","volume":"70","author":"Vishram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol Microbiol Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001471","article-title":"Epidemiology and genomic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli clonal complex 165 in the UK","volume":"70","author":"Rodwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001579","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli clonal complex 32, including serotype O145:H28, in the UK and Ireland","volume":"71","author":"Rodwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib32","article-title":"Phylogenetic context of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O26:H11 in England","volume":"7","author":"Dallman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib33","article-title":"Population structure of Escherichia coli O26:\u200aH11 with recent and repeated stx2 acquisition in multiple lineages","volume":"3","author":"Ogura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2947-2","article-title":"Evaluating next-generation sequencing for direct clinical diagnostics in diarrhoeal disease","volume":"36","author":"Joensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2308","article-title":"MOST: a modified MLST typing tool based on short read sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Tewolde","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.251678.119","article-title":"The EnteroBase user\u2019s guide, with case studies on Salmonella transmissions, Yersinia pestis phylogeny, and Escherichia core genomic diversity","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib37","series-title":"Bioinformatics","first-page":"3028","article-title":"SnapperDB: a database solution for routine sequencing analysis of bacterial isolates","volume":"34","author":"Dallman","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1196","article-title":"Rapid phylogenetic analysis of large samples of recombinant bacterial whole genome sequences using Gubbins","volume":"43","author":"Croucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001136","article-title":"Evaluation of chromogenic selective agar (CHROMagar STEC) for the direct detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from faecal specimens","volume":"69","author":"Jenkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01379.x","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O103, O111 and O145 from bovine faeces using immunomagnetic separation and PCR\/DNA probe techniques","volume":"37","author":"Jenkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"8343","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90192-7","article-title":"Vero cytotoxin production in strain of Escherichia coli is determined by genes carried on bacteriophage","volume":"2","author":"Scotland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.5.1069","article-title":"Properties of strains of Escherichia coli O26:H11 in relation to their enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic classification","volume":"162","author":"Scotland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib45","first-page":"14","article-title":"Escherichia coli serogroup O26--a new look at an old adversary","volume":"104","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03142-20","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiology of non-O157 Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O103, O111, and O145 and Shiga toxin gene carriage in Scottish Cattle, 2014-2015","volume":"87","author":"Hoyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib47","unstructured":"Public Health England. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: public health management [Internet]. Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-public-health-management\u3009."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e606","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00089-1","article-title":"Identification of domestic reservoirs and common exposures in an emerging lineage of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in England: a genomic epidemiological analysis","volume":"3","author":"Dallman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw371","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups O157 and O26 isolated from human cases of diarrhoeal disease in England, 2015","volume":"72","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001146","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serotype O157: H7 in England, 2014\u20132016","volume":"69","author":"Gentle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445323002062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445323002062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T21:36:04Z","timestamp":1759008964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445323002062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445323002062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 (clonal complex 29) in England, 2014\u20132021","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}