{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T18:09:32Z","timestamp":1781114972759,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRCG MC_UP_A900\/1122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRCG MC_UP_A900\/1122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRCG CSD MC_UU_00031\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRCG CSD MC_UU_00031\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GdC ASP\/A622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GdC ASP\/A622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPA 222927\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPA 222927\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MM 204928\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MM 204928\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AJK 225467\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AJK 225467\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T17:13:35Z","timestamp":1751562815000},"page":"106546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating clinical decision rules and rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis in Gambian children: A diagnostic accuracy study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin P.","family":"Armitage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Senghore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5003-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatoumata E.","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheikh","family":"Jarju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8746-3190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukai","family":"Jagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrima","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata Fornah","family":"Darboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"de Crombrugghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9386-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Keeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2608-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienn","family":"Angyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musukoi","family":"Jammeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saffiatou","family":"Darboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kucharski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre R.","family":"Smeesters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thushan I.","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006335","article-title":"Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis and pharyngeal carriage: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Oliver","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.109","article-title":"Prevalence of group A Streptococcal infection in Africa to inform GAS vaccines for rheumatic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Barth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00046-6","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes carriage and infection within households in The Gambia: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Armitage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603693","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015","volume":"377","author":"Watkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910370001001","article-title":"Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of the preceding streptococcic infection","volume":"143","author":"Denny","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.03.005","article-title":"Comparison of clinical prediction rules for management of pharyngitis in settings with limited resources","volume":"149","author":"Fischer Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm122","article-title":"Variation in clinical presentation of childhood group A streptococcal pharyngitis in four countries","volume":"54","author":"Rimoin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00469-22","article-title":"Genomic characterization of skin and soft tissue Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from a low-income and a high-income setting","volume":"8","author":"Bah","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002257","article-title":"Health-seeking behaviour and beliefs around sore throat in The Gambia: a qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Suau Sans","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib12","article-title":"Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.04.021","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rapid nucleic acid tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Dubois","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta18060","article-title":"PRImary care Streptococcal Management (PRISM) study: in vitro study, diagnostic cohorts and a pragmatic adaptive randomised controlled trial with nested qualitative study and cost-effectiveness study","volume":"18","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib15","series-title":"CADTH Rapid Response Reports. Rapid Tests for the Diagnosis of Group A Streptococcal Infection: A Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy, Clinical Utility, Safety, and Cost-Effectiveness","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.2269","article-title":"The utility of rapid antigen detection testing for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in low-resource settings","volume":"14","author":"Rimoin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001413","article-title":"The Cape Town clinical decision rule for Streptococcal Pharyngitis in children","volume":"36","author":"Engel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003943","volume":"3","author":"Little","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib19","first-page":"75","article-title":"A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat","volume":"158","author":"McIsaac","year":"1998","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8100100304","article-title":"The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room","volume":"1","author":"Centor","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e608","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0569","article-title":"Pragmatic scoring system for pharyngitis in low-resource settings","volume":"126","author":"Joachim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12658","article-title":"Associations between common respiratory viruses and invasive group A streptococcal infection: a time-series analysis","volume":"13","author":"de Gier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Virus"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01389.x","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection predisposing for bacterial disease: a concise review","volume":"26","author":"Hament","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41512-023-00150-4","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid nucleic acid test for group A streptococcal pharyngitis using saliva samples: protocol for a prospective multicenter study in primary care","volume":"7","author":"Touitou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn Progn Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00490-15","article-title":"Multicenter clinical evaluation of the novel Alere i strep A isothermal nucleic acid amplification test","volume":"53","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80031-8","article-title":"A common protocol for the simultaneous processing of multiple clinically relevant bacterial species for whole genome sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Raven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad153","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes colonization in children aged 24-59 months in the Gambia: impact of live attenuated influenza vaccine and associated serological responses","volume":"228","author":"Keeley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-312","article-title":"Detection of group A streptococcal pharyngitis by quantitative PCR","volume":"13","author":"Dunne","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-017-0513-y","article-title":"Group A streptococcus, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: epidemiology and clinical considerations","volume":"19","author":"Zuhlke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac251","article-title":"Standardization of epidemiological surveillance of group A Streptococcal pharyngitis","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000010","article-title":"Differences between Belgian and Brazilian group A streptococcus epidemiologic landscape","volume":"1","author":"Smeesters","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03766.x","article-title":"Guideline for the management of acute sore throat","volume":"18","author":"Pelucchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445325001409?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445325001409?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:30:58Z","timestamp":1778945458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445325001409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445325001409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating clinical decision rules and rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis in Gambian children: A diagnostic accuracy study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106546","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106546"}}