{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:32:14Z","timestamp":1789000334868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Heart and Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20220325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Heart and Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"Heart and Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023670","name":"Nyckelfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014195","name":"Region V\u00e4rmland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014195","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009252","name":"SciLifeLab","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VC-2020-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VC-2020-0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019032","name":"Regionala Forskningsr\u00e5det Uppsala\/\u00d6rebro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002960","name":"Region V\u00e4sterbotten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RV-993597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RV-993597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002960","name":"Region V\u00e4sterbotten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RV-938855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RV-938855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002960","name":"Region V\u00e4sterbotten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RV-992412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RV-992412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T09:45:42Z","timestamp":1757756742000},"page":"106614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term physical capacity following COVID-19: A prospective, three-year study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5257-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoffer","family":"Granvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida-Lisa","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme W.F.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2018-8592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clas","family":"Ahlm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattias N.E.","family":"Forsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Staffan","family":"Tevell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefin","family":"Sundh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Blomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cajander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5831-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Normark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib1","unstructured":"WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Epidemiological Updates and Monthly Operational Updates; 2024.\u00a0Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/situation-reports\u3009."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00126-6","article-title":"Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00174-0","article-title":"3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00387-9","article-title":"3-year outcomes of discharged survivors of COVID-19 following the SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) wave in 2022 in China: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101668","article-title":"Lung-function trajectories in COVID-19 survivors after discharge: a two-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12123966","article-title":"Longitudinal clinical features of post-COVID-19 patients\u2014symptoms, fatigue and physical function at 3- and 6-month follow-up","volume":"12","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2054363","article-title":"Abnormal exercise adaptation after varying severities of COVID-19: a controlled cross-sectional analysis of 392 survivors","volume":"23","author":"Braga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03039-0","article-title":"Relationship between the severity of persistent symptoms, physical fitness, and cardiopulmonary function in post-COVID-19 condition. A population-based analysis","volume":"17","author":"Jimeno-Almaz\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae037","article-title":"Lung function trajectories in mild COVID-19 with 2-year follow-up","volume":"229","author":"Iversen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13614","article-title":"Risk factors for impaired respiratory function post COVID-19: a prospective cohort study of nonhospitalized and hospitalized patients","volume":"293","author":"Bj\u00f6rsell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1104267","article-title":"High prevalence of persistent symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life 6 months after COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2016.05.008","article-title":"Charlson Comorbidities Index","volume":"62","author":"Roffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a\u00a0metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016","article-title":"2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung","volume":"49","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1590ST","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement","volume":"200","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib16","unstructured":"Quanjer PH,\u00a0Stanojevic S, Stocks J, Cole TJ. GLI-2012: all-age multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry. Global Lung Initiative;\u00a02012. https:\/\/belintelmed.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/GLI-2012.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.3.580","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical methods for rating dyspnea","volume":"93","author":"Mahler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000568","article-title":"Underlying conditions contributing to breathlessness in the population","volume":"15","author":"Sandberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0504-z","article-title":"Population-based reference values for the 1-min sit-to-stand test","volume":"58","author":"Strassmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib20","unstructured":"The R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2024.\u00a0Retrieved from \u3008https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\u3009."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib22","unstructured":"Voeten CC. Stepwise Elimination and Term Reordering for Mixed-Effects Regression; 2023. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/buildmer\/buildmer.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00745-2022","article-title":"Changes in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 to 12 months after COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Ingul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01303-24","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces hyaluronan production in vitro and hyaluronan levels in COVID-19 patients relate to morbidity and long-term lung impairment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Hellman","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445325002142?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445325002142?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:15:18Z","timestamp":1780388118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445325002142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445325002142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term physical capacity following COVID-19: A prospective, three-year study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106614","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106614"}}