{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:40:05Z","timestamp":1793173205000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-042340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-042340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:47:33Z","timestamp":1773002853000},"page":"106719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of the TYPHIBEV\u00ae (Vi-CRM197 conjugate) vaccine introduction in Nepal: A test-negative, case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dipesh","family":"Tamrakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7575-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabin Bikram","family":"Shahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva Ram","family":"Naga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basudha","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratibha Bista","family":"Roka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabin","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram Hari","family":"Chapagain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhil","family":"Tamrakhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Mahato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surendra Kumar","family":"Madhup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3968-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac I.","family":"Bogoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Luby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise O.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-9425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirongrong","family":"Cheirakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 (GBD 2023) results; 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","article-title":"Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e978","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00119-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the surveillance for enteric fever in Asia project","volume":"10","author":"Garrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1319","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of enteric fever in 2 diverse communities in Nepal","volume":"71","author":"Tamrakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006051","article-title":"A 23-year retrospective investigation of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated in a tertiary Kathmandu hospital","volume":"11","author":"Zellweger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30087-2","article-title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccine gets WHO prequalification","volume":"18","author":"Burki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905047","article-title":"Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal","volume":"381","author":"Shakya","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel PD, Liang Y,\u00a0Meiring JE,\u00a0Chasweka N,\u00a0Patel P,\u00a0Misiri T,\u00a0et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a four-year, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children;\u00a02023.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4411421.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4411421"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01124-7","article-title":"Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Qadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.08.051","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed typhoid in a peri-urban setting in Karachi: a case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Batool","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib11","first-page":"848","article-title":"Field effectiveness of a typhoid conjugate vaccine: the 2018 Navi Mumbai pediatric TCV campaign","volume":"111","author":"Date","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.04.093","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Zimbabwe used in response to an outbreak among children and young adults: a matched case control study","volume":"40","author":"Lightowler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00255-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine against culture-confirmed Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in an extensively drug-resistant outbreak setting of Hyderabad, Pakistan: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Yousafzai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib14","unstructured":"Nepal introduces typhoid vaccine into routine immunisation across the country. \u3008https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/nepal\/press-releases\/nepal-introduces-typhoid-vaccine-routine-immunisation-across-country\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2476525","article-title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccines: is a single dose enough for durable protection?","volume":"24","author":"Vashishtha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib16","unstructured":"Family Welfare Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population. Post-campaign survey for typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) campaign 2022 in Nepal;\u00a02025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib17","series-title":"A package for survival analysis in R","author":"Therneau","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00606-X","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid vaccines against culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhi in typhoid endemic countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Batool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01494-6","article-title":"5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial","volume":"404","author":"Qadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2508","article-title":"B-cell responses to vaccination at the extremes of age","volume":"9","author":"Siegrist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.6.527","article-title":"Deficiency of the humoral immune response to measles vaccine in infants immunized at age 6 months","volume":"280","author":"Gans","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209367","article-title":"Evaluation of mRNA-1273 vaccine in children 6 months to 5 years of age","volume":"387","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy471","article-title":"The relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity of blood culture for typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"218","author":"Antillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix221","article-title":"High rates of enteric fever diagnosis and lower burden of culture-confirmed disease in peri-urban and rural Nepal","volume":"218","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1122","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00056-7","article-title":"The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719_bib26","unstructured":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction on typhoid fever in Nepal. medRxiv. \u3008https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2025.06.17.25329748v1\u3009."}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326000447?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326000447?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:31:38Z","timestamp":1776180698000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445326000447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445326000447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of the TYPHIBEV\u00ae (Vi-CRM197 conjugate) vaccine introduction in Nepal: A test-negative, case-control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106719","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106719"}}