{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:46:20Z","timestamp":1789753580478,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007831","name":"Capital Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\\u20132G-2163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\\u20132G-2163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007831","name":"Capital Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007831","name":"Capital Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014544","name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014544","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZD01903005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD01903005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:11:48Z","timestamp":1784329908000},"page":"106816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["National and subnational burden of HIV-negative MDR-TB in China, 1990\u20132023: Spatio-temporal heterogeneity, long-term trends, and projections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Shunxian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0862-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jichun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maigeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10481","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02479-6","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"405","author":"Trajman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00007-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"24","author":"GBD 2021 Tuberculosis Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01345-1","article-title":"Analysis of regional characteristics in mortality trends of three chronic infectious diseases among the elderly in China, 2004-2021","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01299-4","article-title":"Association of urbanization-related factors with tuberculosis incidence among 1992 counties in China from 2005 to 2019: a nationwide observational study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01351-3","article-title":"Enhancing regional disease burden estimates: insights from the comparison of Global Burden of Disease and China's notifiable infectious diseases data with policy implications (2010-2020)","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib6","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2025. Available at: (http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/). [Accessed 12 November 2025]."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00144-0","article-title":"The epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis-lessons from the South African experience","volume":"24","author":"Naidoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30468-X","article-title":"The global cost of tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Burki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01203-6","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis incidence and its macro-influence factors in Chinese mainland during 2014-2021","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01188-2","article-title":"Toward tuberculosis elimination by understanding epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors in Hainan Province, China","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib11","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of combined bedaquiline and delamanid use among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Beijing, China","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib12","first-page":"266","article-title":"Financial burden of tuberculosis patients - China, 2020","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib13","first-page":"428","article-title":"Differences between the local and migrant populations in healthcare service use and direct cost of Tuberculosis Treatment-Shanghai Municipality, China, 2020-2021","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268825100095","article-title":"Trend and forecast analysis of the changing disease burden of tuberculosis in China, 1990-2021","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"10513","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib15","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950-2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"GBD 2023 Demographics Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10513","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","volume":"406","author":"GBD 2023 Disease and Injury and Risk Factor Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01227-y","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of HIV-negative tuberculosis, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e807","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00212-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of HIV\/AIDS, 1990-2021, and forecasts to 2050, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"11","author":"2021","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102873","article-title":"The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of congenital birth defects, 1990-2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and forecast to 2040","volume":"77","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2025.100123","article-title":"Global, regional, and national temporal trend and patterns of change in the burden of leishmaniasis from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01335-3","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases in China: epidemiological trends, incidence forecasting, and comparative analysis between real-world surveillance data and global burden of disease 2021 estimates","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100086","article-title":"Trends in epidemiological characteristics and etiologies of diarrheal disease in children under five: an ecological study based on Global Burden of Disease study 2021","volume":"3","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci One Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052264","article-title":"Assessing the quality of reporting to China's National TB Surveillance systems","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1436515","article-title":"Tuberculosis disease burden in China: a spatio-temporal clustering and prediction study","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e948","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00203-6","article-title":"Ending tuberculosis in China: health system challenges","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib26","first-page":"1501","article-title":"E. Trends in bidirectional screening and treatment outcomes for Tuberculosis\/HIV Comorbidity - China, 2020-2024","volume":"7","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1519330","article-title":"Interactions among tuberculosis, geographic environment and aerosols: evidence from the Kashgar region of China","volume":"13","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03991-22","article-title":"The evolution and transmission dynamics of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in an isolated high-plateau population of Tibet, China","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103120","article-title":"The genetic diversity of drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"19","author":"Xia","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.09.005","article-title":"Internal migrants as drivers of long-distance cross-regional transmission of tuberculosis in China","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2024.100072","article-title":"Global burden of HIV-negative multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci One Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf284","article-title":"Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in Young Children Exposed to Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in the TB-CHAMP Multi-site Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"81","author":"Purchase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib33","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a practical update on epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"36","author":"Gaensbauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121512","article-title":"Tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Tchakounte Youngui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30337-2","article-title":"Adolescent tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Snow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib36","first-page":"CD016013","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for tuberculosis disease","volume":"8","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217639","article-title":"Bidirectional association between tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib38","article-title":"Tuberculosis in older adults: challenges and best practices in the Western Pacific Region","volume":"36","author":"Teo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib39","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for tuberculosis: progress and lessons learned","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01400-x","article-title":"Projecting tuberculosis control progress in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of Brazil, 2001-2035: a Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis","volume":"14","author":"da Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00560-6","article-title":"Applicability of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI-CAD) for pulmonary tuberculosis to community-based active case finding","volume":"52","author":"Okada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"10236","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30226-9","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of global health","volume":"395","author":"Schwalbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04192","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for tuberculosis control: a scoping review of applications in public health","volume":"15","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00263-9","article-title":"Targeted next-generation sequencing to diagnose drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Schwab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:16:00Z","timestamp":1788423360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445326001428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445326001428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"National and subnational burden of HIV-negative MDR-TB in China, 1990\u20132023: Spatio-temporal heterogeneity, long-term trends, and projections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106816","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106816"}}