{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:33:30Z","timestamp":1792204410514,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012403","name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Gobierno de Espana Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:13:25Z","timestamp":1785424405000},"page":"106822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Sanz-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Ciria-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5149-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Eiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Martinez-Sobrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2424-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.03.001","article-title":"One health, multiple challenges: The inter-species transmission of influenza A virus","volume":"1","author":"Short","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090461","article-title":"The pandemic threat of emerging H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses","volume":"10","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038489","article-title":"The ecology and evolution of influenza viruses","volume":"10","author":"Wille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00603-0","article-title":"The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness","volume":"53","author":"Harrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051254","article-title":"Influenza pandemics of the 20th century","volume":"12","author":"Kilbourne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02542-24","article-title":"Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission","volume":"15","author":"Mostafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2225645","article-title":"Genetic characterization of a new candidate hemagglutinin subtype of influenza A viruses","volume":"12","author":"Fereidouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038778","article-title":"Influenza hemagglutinin structures and antibody recognition","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00417-16","article-title":"Evaluation of antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies as correlates of protection in an influenza A\/H1N1 virus healthy human challenge model","volume":"7","author":"Memoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194073","article-title":"Group 1 and group 2 hemagglutinin stalk antibody response according to age","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez-de Prada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00039","article-title":"Influenza virus neuraminidase structure and functions","volume":"10","author":"McAuley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.030","article-title":"Influenza infection in humans induces broadly cross-reactive and protective neuraminidase-reactive antibodies","volume":"173","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6464","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay0678","article-title":"Broadly protective human antibodies that target the active site of influenza virus neuraminidase","volume":"366","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10143","article-title":"Divergent evolution of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes in recent influenza A:H3N2 viruses isolated in Canada","volume":"67","author":"Abed","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581","article-title":"Influenza A virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010020","article-title":"Reverse genetics approaches for the development of influenza vaccines","volume":"18","author":"Nogales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100560","article-title":"Temperature sensitive mutations in influenza A viral ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the attenuation of the live attenuated influenza vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Martinez-Sobrido","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120708","article-title":"Modulation of innate immune responses by the influenza A NS1 and PA-X proteins","volume":"10","author":"Nogales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091760","article-title":"Natural selection of H5N1 avian influenza A viruses with increased PA-X and NS1 shutoff activity","volume":"13","author":"Nogales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.05.004","article-title":"Evaluation of different inactivation methods for high and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in egg-fluids for antigen preparation","volume":"222","author":"Pawar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022","volume":"28","author":"Aguero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Surveill"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300366","article-title":"Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cats, Poland, June to July 2023","volume":"28","author":"Domanska-Blicharz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Surveill"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.221538","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in New England Seals, United States","volume":"29","author":"Puryear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304459","article-title":"Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111856","article-title":"Influenza A(H7N9) pandemic preparedness: assessment of the breadth of heterologous antibody responses to emerging viruses from multiple pre-pandemic vaccines and population immunity","volume":"10","author":"Levine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib26","first-page":"137","article-title":"Avian influenza virus transmission to mammals","volume":"385","author":"Herfst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib27","article-title":"Host adaptation and transmission of influenza A viruses in mammals","volume":"3","author":"Schrauwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"5937","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176225","article-title":"Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans","volume":"325","author":"Garten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090873","article-title":"Cases of interspecies transmission of influenza A virus from swine to humans","volume":"12","author":"Klivleyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-025-00138-5","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in the United States: recent incursions and spillover to cattle","volume":"3","author":"Mostafa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Virus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib31","unstructured":"CDC. Global Human Cases with Influenza A(H5N1), 1997\u20132025. 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2414610","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in humans","volume":"392","author":"Garg","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8045","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","article-title":"The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals","volume":"637","author":"Peacock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00052-9","article-title":"An overview of influenza H5 vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Taaffe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02657-y","article-title":"Antiviral strategies against H5N1: current options and emerging therapeutics","volume":"54","author":"Anastassopoulou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S305","article-title":"Influenza: the once and future pandemic","volume":"125","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1324197111","article-title":"Genesis and pathogenesis of the 1918 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus","volume":"111","author":"Worobey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2022.104111","article-title":"The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: A coronavirus?","volume":"51","author":"Berche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14030049","article-title":"Coronavirus as the possible causative agent of the 1889\u20131894 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Erkoreka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005","article-title":"Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event","volume":"79","author":"Vijgen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2002.0022","article-title":"Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 \"Spanish\" influenza pandemic","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib42","first-page":"4","article-title":"The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"65","author":"Patterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.09.023","article-title":"Comparative epidemiology between the 2009 H1N1 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics","volume":"13","author":"da Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib44","unstructured":"WHO. Influenza (seasonal) 2025 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101740","article-title":"Global, regional and national estimates of influenza-attributable ischemic heart disease mortality","volume":"55","author":"Chaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10127","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib47","unstructured":"The next flu pandemic: a matter of \u2018when\u2019, not \u2018if\u2019 [press release]. 2018."},{"issue":"6609","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp8715","article-title":"The Huanan seafood wholesale market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"377","author":"Worobey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib49","unstructured":"WHO. Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/global-influenza-surveillance-and-response-system."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.37201\/req\/137.2023","article-title":"[Importance of National Influenza Centers in the surveillance of highly pathogenic avian viruses. The time for One-Health is now]","volume":"37","author":"Sanz-Munoz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib51","unstructured":"Organization. PAHOWH. Epidemiological Update: Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in the Americas Region, 24 January 2025. Washington, D.C.: PAHO\/WHO; 2025."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib52","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Seroprevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus infection among humans in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01836-y","article-title":"Serological evidence of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7344a3","article-title":"Serologic evidence of recent infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) virus among dairy workers - Michigan and Colorado, June-August 2024","volume":"73","author":"Mellis","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7404a2","article-title":"Notes from the field: seroprevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) virus infections among bovine veterinary practitioners - United States, September 2024","volume":"74","author":"Leonard","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3012.240154","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Cats, South Korea, 2023","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2396874","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in wild rats in Egypt during 2023","volume":"13","author":"Kutkat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300400","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection on multiple fur farms in the South and Central Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, July 2023","volume":"28","author":"Lindh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Surveill"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300390","article-title":"Emergence and potential transmission route of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in domestic cats in Poland, June 2023","volume":"28","author":"Rabalski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53766-5","article-title":"Epidemiological data of an influenza A\/H5N1 outbreak in elephant seals in Argentina indicates mammal-to-mammal transmission","volume":"15","author":"Uhart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib61","unstructured":"CDC. Results of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool. 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02811-w","article-title":"Immediate PB2-E627K amino acid substitution after single infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in mice","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib63","article-title":"Dual E627K and D701N mutations in the PB2 protein of A(H7N9) influenza virus increased its virulence in mammalian models","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00066-24","article-title":"Viral factors underlying the pandemic potential of influenza viruses","volume":"89","author":"Neumann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib65","unstructured":"CDC. H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib66","unstructured":"WHO. isease Outbreak News; Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in Cambodia. 5 July 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib67","unstructured":"ECDC. Communicable Disease Threats Report Week 32. 2\u22128 August 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.061283","article-title":"Cross-subtype immunity against avian influenza in persons recently vaccinated for influenza","volume":"14","author":"Gioia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74374","article-title":"Preexisting human antibodies neutralize recently emerged H7N9 influenza strains","volume":"125","author":"Henry Dunand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03721-24","article-title":"Are we serologically prepared against an avian influenza pandemic and could seasonal flu vaccines help us?","volume":"16","author":"Sanz-Munoz","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201411-1988OC","article-title":"Natural T Cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. results of the flu watch cohort study","volume":"191","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a037978","article-title":"Influenza-specific lung-resident memory CD8(+) T cells","volume":"13","author":"van de Wall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"53","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc4557","article-title":"Tissue-resident CD8(+) T cells drive age-associated chronic lung sequelae after viral pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Goplen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62364-y","article-title":"Lung structural cells are altered by infeluenza virus leading to rapid immune protection following re-challenge","volume":"16","author":"Worrell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008760","article-title":"Cell type- and replication stage-specific influenza virus responses in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Fay","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070639","article-title":"Ex Pluribus Unum: The CD4 T cell response against influenza A virus","volume":"13","author":"Finn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.06.004","article-title":"T cell mediated immunity to influenza: mechanisms of viral control","volume":"35","author":"La Gruta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03479-24","article-title":"Targets of influenza human T-cell response are mostly conserved in H5N1","volume":"16","author":"Sidney","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1299576","article-title":"Strategies to induce broadly protective antibody responses to viral glycoproteins","volume":"16","author":"Krammer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.009","article-title":"Universal influenza virus vaccines and therapeutic antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz927","article-title":"Hemagglutinin stalk antibody responses following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine immunization of pregnant women and association with protection from influenza virus illness","volume":"71","author":"Dhar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1118-7","article-title":"A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial","volume":"27","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1613869","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza: pandemic preparedness for a scenario of high lethality with no vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Possas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03256-4","article-title":"The practical longevity of stockpiled A(H5N1) influenza vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Webby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181d57947","article-title":"Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women","volume":"115","author":"Creanga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-162","article-title":"Comparative age distribution of influenza morbidity and mortality during seasonal influenza epidemics and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045051","article-title":"Mortality burden of the 2009 A\/H1N1 influenza pandemic in France: comparison to seasonal influenza and the A\/H3N2 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0910444","article-title":"California pandemic working G. Severe 2009 H1N1 influenza in pregnant and postpartum women in California","volume":"362","author":"Louie","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018221","article-title":"A review of adult mortality due to 2009 pandemic (H1N1) influenza A in California","volume":"6","author":"Louie","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04139.x","article-title":"Cross-reacting antibodies against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus in older Australians","volume":"194","author":"Booy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8625","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00147-12","article-title":"Effect of priming with H1N1 influenza viruses of variable antigenic distances on challenge with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus","volume":"86","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000091","article-title":"Immunity to pre-1950 H1N1 influenza viruses confers cross-protection against the pandemic swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus","volume":"185","author":"Skountzou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.07085-11","article-title":"Influenza virus H1N1pdm09 infections in the young and old: evidence of greater antibody diversity and affinity for the hemagglutinin globular head domain (HA1 Domain) in the elderly than in young adults and children","volume":"86","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-018-0116-9","article-title":"Antibodies against 1940s era a\/H1N1 influenza strains a\/Weiss\/43 and a\/FM\/1\/47 and heterotypic responses after seasonal vaccination of an elderly Spanish population","volume":"15","author":"Ivan Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immun Ageing 2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02432-1","article-title":"High clinical burden of influenza disease in adults aged >\/= 65 years: can we do better? A systematic literature review","volume":"40","author":"Langer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2023.06.024","article-title":"Influenza A subtype H3N2 is associated with an increased risk of hospital dissemination - an observational study over six influenza seasons","volume":"139","author":"Rothman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038471","article-title":"Influenza vaccines delivered in early childhood could turn antigenic sin into antigenic blessings","volume":"10","author":"Worobey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038786","article-title":"Original antigenic sin: how original? How sinful?","volume":"11","author":"Yewdell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"6313","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1322","article-title":"Potent protection against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza via childhood hemagglutinin imprinting","volume":"354","author":"Gostic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.08.003","article-title":"From original antigenic sin to the universal influenza virus vaccine","volume":"39","author":"Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix173","article-title":"The doctrine of original antigenic sin: separating good from evil","volume":"215","author":"Monto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801149","article-title":"Original antigenic sin: how first exposure shapes lifelong anti-influenza virus immune responses","volume":"202","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47451-w","article-title":"Vaccination impairs de novo immune response to omicron breakthrough infection, a precondition for the original antigenic sin","volume":"15","author":"Pusnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030107","article-title":"Original antigenic sin and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Tripp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28706-1","article-title":"The influenza virus hemagglutinin head evolves faster than the stalk domain","volume":"8","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020125","article-title":"Antibody focusing to conserved sites of vulnerability: The immunological pathways for 'universal' influenza vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Sangesland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5030017","article-title":"Heterologous humoral response against H5N1, H7N3, and H9N2 avian influenza viruses after seasonal vaccination in a European elderly population","volume":"5","author":"Sanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"6313","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aak9816","article-title":"First flu is forever","volume":"354","author":"Viboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"808","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adw4856","article-title":"Preexisting immunity to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus reduces susceptibility to H5N1 infection and disease in ferrets","volume":"17","author":"Restori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.12.008","article-title":"Seasonal influenza vaccine elicits heterosubtypic immunity against H5N1 that can be further boosted by H5N1 vaccination","volume":"28","author":"van Maurik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00129-8","article-title":"Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies","volume":"16","author":"Belongia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6020028","article-title":"Immune History and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness","volume":"6","author":"Lewnard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080034","article-title":"Mechanisms of hemagglutinin targeted influenza virus neutralization","volume":"8","author":"Brandenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6161","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244730","article-title":"Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution","volume":"342","author":"Koel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041895","article-title":"Immunodominance of antigenic site B over site A of hemagglutinin of recent H3N2 influenza viruses","volume":"7","author":"Popova","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7212","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07231","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors","volume":"455","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.12.009","article-title":"Memory B cells that cross-react with Group 1 and Group 2 influenza A viruses are abundant in adult human repertoires","volume":"48","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.028","article-title":"Viral receptor-binding site antibodies with diverse germline origins","volume":"161","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1111497108","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing human antibody that recognizes the receptor-binding pocket of influenza virus hemagglutinin","volume":"108","author":"Whittle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan2676","article-title":"Preferential induction of cross-group influenza A hemagglutinin stem-specific memory B cells after H7N9 immunization in humans","volume":"2","author":"Andrews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.06.043","article-title":"Vaccine-induced antibodies that neutralize Group 1 and Group 2 influenza A viruses","volume":"166","author":"Joyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007918","article-title":"Heterosubtype neutralizing responses to influenza A (H5N1) viruses are mediated by antibodies to virus haemagglutinin","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.70067","article-title":"Low-level human memory T and B cells recognising avian influenza hemagglutinins are poorly responsive to existing seasonal influenza vaccines","volume":"14","author":"Gonelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02145-25","article-title":"Low levels of influenza H5N1 HA and NA antibodies in the human population are boosted by seasonal H1N1 infection but not by H3N2 infection or influenza vaccination","volume":"16","author":"Werner","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2015.06.011","article-title":"Influenza vaccination. Effectiveness of current vaccines and future challenges","volume":"33","author":"Ortiz de Lejarazu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2135460","article-title":"Immunodominance hierarchy after seasonal influenza vaccination","volume":"11","author":"Sanchez-de Prada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020448","article-title":"Recent developments in vaccines against Flaviviruses and Alphaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090962","article-title":"Influenza Vaccines: Current Status, Adjuvant Strategies, and Efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Mokalla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11050902","article-title":"Adjuvants for COVID-19 Vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Castrodeza-Sanz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2236537","article-title":"Long-term influenza antibodies profiles in previously vaccinated and non-vaccinated adults","volume":"19","author":"Sanz-Munoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.03.002","article-title":"Implications of broadly neutralizing antibodies in the development of a universal influenza vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1086\/521304","article-title":"Cross-protection against H5N1 influenza virus infection is afforded by intranasal inoculation with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine","volume":"196","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00234-2","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with formalin-inactivated virus vaccine induces a broad spectrum of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection in mice","volume":"21","author":"Takada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5141","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.11.5141-5150.2001","article-title":"Mucosal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine induces B-cell-dependent heterosubtypic cross-protection against lethal influenza A H5N1 virus infection","volume":"75","author":"Tumpey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2001.1835","article-title":"Heterosubtypic immunity against human influenza A viruses, including recently emerged avian H5 and H9 viruses, induced by FLU-ISCOM vaccine in mice requires both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and macrophage function","volume":"211","author":"Sambhara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21321","article-title":"Lack of cross-immune reactivity against influenza H5N1 from seasonal influenza vaccine in humans","volume":"80","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi4753","article-title":"Chimeric hemagglutinin split vaccines elicit broadly cross-reactive antibodies and protection against group 2 influenza viruses in mice","volume":"9","author":"Puente-Massaguer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11341","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006142107","article-title":"The complete influenza hemagglutinin fusion domain adopts a tight helical hairpin arrangement at the lipid:water interface","volume":"107","author":"Lorieau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00018-10","article-title":"Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain","volume":"1","author":"Steel","year":"2010","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy711","article-title":"Universal influenza virus vaccines that target the conserved hemagglutinin stalk and conserved sites in the head domain","volume":"219","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3927","article-title":"Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection","volume":"21","author":"Yassine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02556-14","article-title":"Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant neuraminidase induces broad heterologous, but not heterosubtypic, cross-protection against influenza virus infection in mice","volume":"6","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.11.001","article-title":"Targeting neuraminidase: the next frontier for broadly protective influenza vaccines","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.786617","article-title":"Influenza neuraminidase characteristics and potential as a vaccine target","volume":"12","author":"Creytens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.09.018","article-title":"Universal anti-neuraminidase antibody inhibiting all influenza A subtypes","volume":"100","author":"Doyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"issue":"5912","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/303035a0","article-title":"Structure of the influenza virus glycoprotein antigen neuraminidase at 2.9 A resolution","volume":"303","author":"Varghese","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2487","article-title":"Influenza neuraminidase operates via a nucleophilic mechanism and can be targeted by covalent inhibitors","volume":"4","author":"Vavricka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9197","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00805-14","article-title":"Structure of influenza virus N7: the last piece of the neuraminidase \"jigsaw\" puzzle","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"7107","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05114","article-title":"The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design","volume":"443","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62040-1","article-title":"Broad neuraminidase antibodies confer protection against seasonal and avian influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.07.004","article-title":"Human anti-N1 monoclonal antibodies elicited by pandemic H1N1 virus infection broadly inhibit HxN1 viruses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.10.005","article-title":"Leveraging vaccination-induced protective antibodies to define conserved epitopes on influenza N2 neuraminidase","volume":"56","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.02.003","article-title":"Protective human monoclonal antibodies target conserved sites of vulnerability on the underside of influenza virus neuraminidase","volume":"57","author":"Lederhofer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34521-0","article-title":"A broadly protective human monoclonal antibody targeting the sialidase activity of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases","volume":"13","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.05.002","article-title":"Isolation of human antibodies against influenza B neuraminidase and mechanisms of protection at the airway interface","volume":"57","author":"Wolters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9290","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01203-13","article-title":"Molecular basis for broad neuraminidase immunity: conserved epitopes in seasonal and pandemic H1N1 as well as H5N1 influenza viruses","volume":"87","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2018.07.007","article-title":"Biosensor-based epitope mapping of antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza A virus","volume":"461","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.10.003","article-title":"Influenza H7N9 virus neuraminidase-specific human monoclonal antibodies inhibit viral egress and protect from lethal influenza infection in mice","volume":"26","author":"Gilchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0011-8","article-title":"Broadly protective murine monoclonal antibodies against influenza B virus target highly conserved neuraminidase epitopes","volume":"2","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00840-19","article-title":"Extending the stalk enhances immunogenicity of the influenza virus neuraminidase","volume":"93","author":"Broecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53301-6","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody targeting the monomeric N6 neuraminidase confers protection against avian H5N6 influenza virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.230756","article-title":"Avian influenza A(H5N1) neuraminidase inhibition antibodies in healthy adults after exposure to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09","volume":"30","author":"Daulagala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49884-9","article-title":"A(H2N2) and A(H3N2) influenza pandemics elicited durable cross-reactive and protective antibodies against avian N2 neuraminidases","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7804","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92196-X","article-title":"Effect of neuraminidase antibody on Hong Kong influenza","volume":"1","author":"Monto","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197206222862502","article-title":"Association of serum anti-neuraminidase antibody with resistance to influenza in man","volume":"286","author":"Murphy","year":"1972","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00560-19","article-title":"Mucosal immunity against neuraminidase prevents influenza B virus transmission in guinea pigs","volume":"10","author":"McMahon","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02434-12","article-title":"Neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody is a correlate of cross-protection against lethal H5N1 influenza virus in ferrets immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine","volume":"87","author":"Rockman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0076-2","article-title":"AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine promotes antibody diversity and affinity maturation, NAI titers, cross-clade H5N1 neutralization, but not H1N1 cross-subtype neutralization","volume":"3","author":"Khurana","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv195","article-title":"Antibody to influenza virus neuraminidase: an independent correlate of protection","volume":"212","author":"Monto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6114","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7114","article-title":"Structural characterization of a protective epitope spanning A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus neuraminidase monomers","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.075","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of virtually all subtypes of influenza A and B viral neuraminidases using antibodies targeting the universally conserved sequences","volume":"28","author":"Gravel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.01.090","article-title":"The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus induces anti-neuraminidase (NA) antibodies that cross-react with the NA of H5N1 viruses in ferrets","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040059","article-title":"Cross-reactive neuraminidase antibodies afford partial protection against H5N1 in mice and are present in unexposed humans","volume":"4","author":"Sandbulte","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.021","article-title":"Prior infection with an H1N1 swine influenza virus partially protects pigs against a low pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus","volume":"27","author":"Van Reeth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.06.003","article-title":"Protection against a lethal H5N1 influenza challenge by intranasal immunization with virus-like particles containing 2009 pandemic H1N1 neuraminidase in mice","volume":"432","author":"Easterbrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66431-2","article-title":"Pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to highly pathogenic avian influenza 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib178","article-title":"Confirmed findings of influenza of avian origin in non-avian wildlife","author":"GOV","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib179","unstructured":"WHO. Considerations for use of avian influenza A(H5) vaccines during the interpandemic and emergence periods. WHO; 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_544_23","article-title":"The new era of mRNA vaccines: The success of the COVID-19 vaccines and the safety concerns in adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Gopal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib181","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of an mRNA vaccine developed from the first human isolate of bovine H5N1","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081657","article-title":"Equine influenza virus and vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Oladunni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.02.005","article-title":"H3N8 and H3N2 Canine influenza viruses: understanding these new viruses in dogs","volume":"49","author":"Parrish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038562","article-title":"Canine and Feline Influenza","volume":"11","author":"Wasik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911580106","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population","volume":"106","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27064-3","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity and vaccine history determine hemagglutinin-specific CD4 T cell and IgG response following seasonal influenza vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Wild","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2612","article-title":"Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans","volume":"18","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001489?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001489?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:11:40Z","timestamp":1790601100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445326001489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":187,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445326001489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106822","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106822"}}