{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:56:41Z","timestamp":1790603801888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1151153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1151153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:36:31Z","timestamp":1785911791000},"page":"106823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of dosing interval on immunogenicity following a heterologous typhoid conjugate vaccine booster in Nepalese children: An observational study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6628-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonu","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Feaheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikshya","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Bijukche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Gehlhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5349-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchita","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Dongol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meeru","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yama F.","family":"Mujadidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naheeda","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manij","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archana","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhilasha","family":"Karkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buddha","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2847-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrijana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-719X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102883","article-title":"The global burden of enteric fever, 2017\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"77","author":"Piovani","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00346-6","article-title":"Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Shakya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10301","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01124-7","article-title":"Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"Qadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035916","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children","volume":"385","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127872","article-title":"Real-world vaccine effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Haposan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10461","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01494-6","article-title":"5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial","volume":"404","author":"Qadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","article-title":"Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Meiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.02.010","article-title":"Immune responses to typhoid conjugate vaccine in a two dose schedule among Nepalese children <2 years of age","volume":"42","author":"Bijukchhe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103100","article-title":"Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a booster dose of a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in Malawian pre-school children","volume":"81","author":"Nampota-Nkomba","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib10","unstructured":"Guidelines on clinical evaluation of vaccines: regulatory expectations [Internet]. [cited 2026 Apr 24]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/WHO-TRS-1004-web-annex-9."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","article-title":"MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00434-8","article-title":"Immune persistence and response to booster dose of Vi-DT vaccine at 27.5 months post-first dose","volume":"7","author":"Capeding","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endyarni Medise B.I., Soedjatmiko S., Rengganis I., Gunardi H., Sekartini R., Koesno S., et al. Six-month follow up of a randomized clinical trial-phase I study in Indonesian adults and children: Safety and immunogenicity of Salmonella typhi polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT) conjugate vaccine [Internet]. 2019. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0211784.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211784"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2384760","article-title":"Single and two-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected Malawian children","volume":"20","author":"Nampota-Nkomba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ295","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a Vi Polysaccharide\u2013Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine (Typbar-TCV) in Healthy Infants, Children, and Adults in Typhoid Endemic Areas: A Multicenter, 2-Cohort, Open-Label, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Phase 3 Study","volume":"61","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2043103","volume":"18","author":"Thuluva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib17","article-title":"Effectiveness of the TYPHIBEV\u00ae (Vi-CRM197 conjugate) vaccine introduction in Nepal: a test-negative, case-control study","volume":"2025","author":"Tamrakar","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013242","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction on typhoid fever in Nepal","volume":"20","author":"Tamrakar","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001490?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001490?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:13:21Z","timestamp":1790601201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445326001490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445326001490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact of dosing interval on immunogenicity following a heterologous typhoid conjugate vaccine booster in Nepalese children: An observational study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106823","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106823"}}