{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:56:02Z","timestamp":1792616162082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR30329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR30329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journalofinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1790175333000},"page":"106864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative serious infection and sepsis risks with advanced therapies in IMIDs: A Bayesian network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-6603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Adas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Chavali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"De Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3988-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Muzafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0758-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaad","family":"Muzafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithya","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0940-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Bechman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9941-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0643-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna L.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead M.","family":"Langan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Phillippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2198-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicky","family":"Welton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.11.003","article-title":"Global trends in immune mediated inflammatory diseases: psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Gelabert-Mora","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAAD Int"},{"issue":"10464","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02151-2","article-title":"Driving down the cost of biologics: lessons from a nationalised health-care system","volume":"404","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.19.2275","article-title":"Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials","volume":"295","author":"Bongartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02950-2","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis and septic shock in Europe, North America and Australia between 2009 and 2019\u2014 results from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care (Lond Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","article-title":"Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"386","author":"Ytterberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib6","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency - Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) - referral. 19th January 2026]; Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/referrals\/janus-kinase-inhibitors-jaki."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.31204","article-title":"Comparative safety of JAK inhibitors vs TNF antagonists in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Solitano","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez087","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection risk with small molecule JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Bechman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib9","unstructured":"European Commission. Member state coordination group on health technology assessment (HTA CG). Methodological guideline for quantitative evidence synthesis: direct and indirect comparisons. 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations.","volume":"162","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq242","volume":"50","author":"Galloway","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00603-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory disease therapeutics: past, present and future","volume":"21","author":"McInnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/17407745221093567","article-title":"Reporting of clinical trial safety results in ClinicalTrials.gov for FDA-approved drugs: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"7650","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.10.005","article-title":"Advances in the GRADE approach to rate the certainty in estimates from a network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Brignardello-Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib19","series-title":"multinma: Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Individual and Aggregate Data","author":"Phillippo","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib20","series-title":"NICE Decision Support Unit Technical Support Documents, in NICE DSU Technical Support Document 2: A Generalised Linear Modelling Framework for Pairwise and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","author":"Dias","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1214\/20-BA1221","article-title":"Rank-normalization, folding, and localization: an improved $\\widehat{R\u0302}$ for assessing convergence of MCMC (with Discussion)","volume":"16","author":"Vehtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib22","series-title":"NICE DSU Technical Support Document 4: Inconsistency in Networks of Evidence Based on Randomised Controlled Trials","article-title":"NICE decision support unit technical support documents","author":"Dias","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.05.044","article-title":"Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: current and emerging paradigms of care","volume":"33","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1921-z","article-title":"Safety of abatacept compared with other biologic and conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: data from an observational study","volume":"21","author":"Ozen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0880-2","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of serious infections with tofacitinib and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Strand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-015-0029-0","article-title":"Co-stimulation therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: today and tomorrow","volume":"1","author":"Schiff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.83","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in host defence against infections: immunobiology and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Rose-John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3691","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of Jak\u2013STAT signaling in the immune system.","volume":"18","author":"Villarino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"10463","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01750-1","article-title":"IL-23 inhibition for chronic inflammatory disease","volume":"404","author":"Jairath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1004","article-title":"Infections and IBD","volume":"5","author":"Irving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207838","article-title":"Impact of treatment with biologic DMARDs on the risk of sepsis or mortality after serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib32","first-page":"279","article-title":"Survival of primates in LD100 septic shock following therapy with antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha)","volume":"30","author":"Hinshaw","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606273342603","article-title":"Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein. The Soluble TNF Receptor Sepsis Study Group","volume":"334","author":"Fisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001908?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163445326001908?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:27:02Z","timestamp":1792614422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163445326001908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163445326001908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative serious infection and sepsis risks with advanced therapies in IMIDs: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2026.106864","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Infection Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106864"}}