{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:42:07Z","timestamp":1791830527669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T10:11:58Z","timestamp":1594721518000},"page":"1619-1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":316,"title":["Immune response in COVID-19: A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Asaduzzaman","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayem","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammod Abul","family":"Kashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Abdus","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraful","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0005","article-title":"Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic","author":"Eakachai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0010","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak \u2014 an update on the status","author":"Yan-Rong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0015","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus infected pneumonia","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.027","article-title":"Herd immunity \u2014 estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0030","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-51892402."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0035","article-title":"Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: a systematic review","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0040","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsarena.com\/analysis\/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0045","unstructured":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunesystem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0050","unstructured":"https:\/\/kidshealth.org\/en\/parents\/immune.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0055","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279364\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0060","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.imgt.org\/IMGTeducation\/Tutorials\/ImmuneSystem\/UK\/theimmunesystem.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","article-title":"Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0075","series-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","author":"Walls","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.054460","article-title":"Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01325-18","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of infected and bystander type 2 alveolar epithelial cells during influenza A virus infection reveals in vivo Wnt pathway downregulation","volume":"92","author":"Hancock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coro-navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020 [in press].","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0115","series-title":"April Analysis of risk factors of severe COVID-19 patients","author":"Qin","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0120","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/immune-system."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0125","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279397\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0130","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-human-body-systems\/hs-the-immune-system\/a\/hs-the-immune-system-review."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0135","unstructured":"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/HumanPhysiology\/TheImmuneSystem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-84","article-title":"Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics","volume":"8","author":"Chaussabel","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0145","unstructured":"https:\/\/gulfnews.com\/world\/3-types-of-immunity-your-best-defence-vs-coronavirus-1.1583917783603?slide=1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0150","series-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","first-page":"43","article-title":"Host immune response and immunobiology of human SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Swatantra","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10224","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic","volume":"38","author":"Prompetchara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0165","article-title":"COVID-19: immunology and treatment options","volume":"215","author":"Susanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0175","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61048-X","article-title":"Adult haemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"383","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00055","article-title":"Macrophage activation-like syn-drome: a distinct entity leading to early death in sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Karakike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0195","article-title":"COVID-16: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Puja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0200","series-title":"The COVID-19 vaccine development land-scape","author":"Le","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0205","article-title":"The starting line for the COVID-19 vaccine devel-opment","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0210","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China","author":"Mingxiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu396","article-title":"The effectiveness of con-valescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis","volume":"211","author":"Mair-Jenkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00127-20","article-title":"Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01325-18","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of infected and bystander type 2 alveolar epithelial cells during influenza A virus infection reveals in vivo Wnt pathway downregulation","volume":"92","author":"Hancock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"July (7)","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0230","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in Covid-19: possible mechanisms of action","volume":"19","author":"Manuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0235","series-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection chest","author":"Bin","year":"2020"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with Covid-19 with convalescent plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25882","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e149","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two patients with COVID-19 with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methyl-prednisolone treatment in SARS patients","volume":"10","author":"Soo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9","article-title":"Use of conva-lescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0270","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome world","volume":"9","author":"Nie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki346","article-title":"Experi-ence of using convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers in a Taiwan hospital","volume":"56","author":"Yeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0280","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Epidemiologic features, clinical diagnosis and therapy of first cluster of patients with severe acute res-piratory syndrome in Beijing area","volume":"83","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-0502(03)00109-5","article-title":"Letter to editor","volume":"29","author":"Kong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0290","first-page":"199","article-title":"Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with convalescent plasma Hong Kong","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3243","article-title":"Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience","volume":"23","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511812","article-title":"Evaluation of convalescent plasma for Ebola virus disease in Guinea","volume":"374","author":"van Griensven","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq106","article-title":"Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0310","first-page":"447","article-title":"Hong Kong\u2019s experi-ence on the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the treatment of influenza A (H1N1)","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002985","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 26 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0320","first-page":"489","article-title":"Successful treatment of avian influenza with convalescent plasma","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01594","article-title":"Discovery and synthesis of a phosphoramidate prodrug of a pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] adenine C-nucleoside (GS-5734) for the treatment of Ebola and emerging viruses","volume":"60","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.7.799","article-title":"Antimalarial drugs in the treatment of rheumatological diseases","volume":"36","author":"Rynes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0335","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfdadocs\/label\/2019\/021251s058slp. KALETRA (lopinavir and ritonavir) tablet.12\/2019."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708784049658","article-title":"Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that blocks viral fusion","volume":"15","author":"Boriskin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Jpn Acad, Ser B, Phys Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161020-00011","volume":"61","author":"McClellan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oseltamivir Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200102000-00002","article-title":"Oral oseltamivir treatment of influenza in children","volume":"20","author":"Whitley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-020-00216-7","article-title":"An update on current therapeutic drugs treating COVID-19","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease receptor","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0148-1","article-title":"Efficacy of camostat mesilate against dyspepsia associated with non-alcoholic mild pancreatic disease","volume":"45","author":"Sai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01644-z","article-title":"Continuous regional arterial infusion versus intravenous administration of the protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate for predicted severe acute pan-creatitis: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"55","author":"Hirota","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and pro-jection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloro-quine and azithromycin as a tratment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0390","article-title":"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRXiv"},{"issue":"396","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coro-naviruses","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007016","article-title":"Compassion-ate use of remdesivir for patients with severe COVID-19","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","article-title":"Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or interferon- 1b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infec-tion in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset","volume":"212","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0425","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.002","article-title":"Arbidol combined with LPV\/r versus LPV\/r alone against corona virus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0435","first-page":"13","article-title":"Exper-imental treatment with favipiravir for Ebola virus disease (the JIKI Trial): a historically controlled, single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Guinea","author":"Sissoko","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0440","article-title":"Candidate drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"157","author":"McKee Dwight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1080","article-title":"An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"Traggiai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02463","article-title":"A DNA vaccine induces SARS coronavirus neutralization and protective immunity in mice","volume":"428","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0455","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.immunitrack.com\/free-coronavirus-report-for-download\/?fbclid=IwAR0mcaK8nHCDsBJjQ4ea-d50j9X95ykDCd0OYPbs28QtzrY21kcR-Y9Cnek."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0460","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/71290."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0465","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/419554."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0470","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/5316."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0475","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/5731."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0480","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/53476."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0485","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/52886."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0490","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/52886."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0495","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.iedb.org\/epitope\/2192."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0500","unstructured":"ProMED-mailCOVID-19 update (39): global, more countries, stability, mitiga-tion impact WHO; 2020. Archive No. 20200314.7088746."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0505","article-title":"Herd immunity \u2013 estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries","author":"On","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0510","article-title":"Characterization of anti-viral immunity in recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0515","series-title":"Basic immunology: functions and disorders of the immune system","author":"Abbas","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0520","series-title":"The compatibility gene","author":"Davis DM","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0525","series-title":"Immunity","author":"Paul","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0530","series-title":"The emperor of all maladies: a biography of Cancer","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0535","series-title":"Essays in Biochemistry","article-title":"The immune system","author":"Nicholson Lindsay","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.1.16","article-title":"Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection","volume":"71","author":"Field","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8293","article-title":"Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infec-tion is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves","volume":"97","author":"Nonnecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-082117-051749","article-title":"Crossing the Iron Gate: why and how transferrin recep-tors mediate viral entry","volume":"38","author":"Wessling-Resnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49122-z","article-title":"Childhood iron deficiency anemia leads to recurrent respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis","volume":"9","author":"Jayaweera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.022","article-title":"Zinc and immunity: an essential interrelation","volume":"611","author":"Maares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0565","first-page":"4","article-title":"A rapid advice guide-line for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500002294","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of milk","volume":"84","author":"Cross","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6818-4","article-title":"Antiviral activities of whey proteins","volume":"99","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2007.10.007","article-title":"Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition","volume":"27","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32776-4","article-title":"Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"393","author":"Schuetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0590","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/nutrition\/nutrition-infocus\/nutrition-advice-for-adults-during-the-covid-19outbreak.html?fbclid=IwAR0mcaK8nHCDsBJjQ4ead50j9X95ykDCd0OYPbs28QtzrY21kcR-Y9Cnek."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0595","article-title":"How to boost your immune system during the COVID-19 pan-demic","author":"Liz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001_bib0600","unstructured":"https:\/\/time.com\/5819965\/coronavirus-treatments-research\/."}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034120305670?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034120305670?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T15:08:20Z","timestamp":1761750500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034120305670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034120305670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune response in COVID-19: A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}