{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:34:05Z","timestamp":1779183245736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T12:25:40Z","timestamp":1629289540000},"page":"1218-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sex-based differences in bacterial meningitis in adults: Epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dong-Y.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-R.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Y.","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-N.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben-C.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-T.","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-3930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-H.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301073280104","article-title":"Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes","volume":"328","author":"Durand","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00445-7","article-title":"Adult bacterial meningitis in Southern Taiwan: epidemiologic trend and prognostic factors","volume":"182","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440250077009","article-title":"Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 20-year overview","volume":"157","author":"Sigurdardottir","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005384","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998\u20132007","volume":"364","author":"Thigpen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040845","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis","volume":"351","author":"van de Beek","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052116","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults","volume":"354","author":"van de Beek","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.10.006","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis in Hong Kong: 10-years\u2019 experience","volume":"107","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.10.003","article-title":"Long-term mortality in patients diagnosed with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Roed","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq126","article-title":"Long-term mortality in patients diagnosed with pneumococcal meningitis: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"172","author":"Roed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12328","article-title":"Outcome of fulminant bacterial meningitis in adult patients","volume":"21","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000202065.03366.0c","article-title":"Population-based analysis of meningococcal disease mortality in the United States: 1990\u20132002","volume":"25","author":"Sharip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.12.004","article-title":"Prognostic factors and determinants of fatal outcome due to bacterial meningitis in the Lazio region of Italy, 1996\u20132000","volume":"11","author":"Faustini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13110","article-title":"Community-acquired meningitis in older adults: clinical features, etiology, and prognostic factors","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1086\/656409","article-title":"Factors associated with the occurrence of hearing loss after pneumococcal meningitis","volume":"51","author":"Worsoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.110023","article-title":"Cognitive outcome in adults after bacterial meningitis","volume":"78","author":"Hoogman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1086\/520682","article-title":"Community-acquired recurrent bacterial meningitis in adults","volume":"45","author":"Adriani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.10.026","article-title":"Sex-based differences in adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gender differences in community-acquired meningitis in adults: clinical presentations and prognostic factors","author":"Dharmarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Meningitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83049-5","article-title":"Shift of cerebrospinal polymorphonuclear cell percentage in the early stage of aseptic meningitis","volume":"119","author":"Amir","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00052-5","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: the epidemiology, timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and prognostic factors","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3","article-title":"CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988","volume":"16","author":"Garner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0110","series-title":"Handbook of Neurosurgery","author":"Greenberg","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121","article-title":"A definition and classification of status epilepticus\u2014report of the ILAE Task Force on classification of status epilepticus","volume":"56","author":"Trinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0125","article-title":"Septic shock; current pathogenetic concepts from a clinical perspective","volume":"11","author":"Tsiotou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-7009-8","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of adult bacterial meningitis in southern Taiwan: a hospital-based study","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0135","first-page":"15","article-title":"An epidemiological analysis of head injuries in Taiwan","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(95)80004-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of head injury in rural Taiwan \u2014 a four year survey","volume":"2","author":"Chiu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.5.793","article-title":"The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries","volume":"90","author":"Chiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01387.x","article-title":"Risk factors of alcoholism in Taiwan Chinese: an epidemiological approach","volume":"82","author":"Hwu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags034","article-title":"Alcohol dependence, consumption of alcoholic energy drinks and associated work characteristics in the Taiwan working population","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.6.830","article-title":"Consequences of alcohol consumption on host defence","volume":"34","author":"Szabo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8192-4","article-title":"The unexplained female predominance of systemic lupus erythematosus: clues from genetic and cytokine studies","volume":"40","author":"Weckerle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23741","article-title":"Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium","volume":"113","author":"Bondy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0386-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of meningioma","volume":"99","author":"Wiemels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.11.005","article-title":"Brain abscess: an overview","volume":"9","author":"Muzumdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176705","article-title":"Epidemiology of brain abscess in Taiwan: a 14-year population-based cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0190","first-page":"87","article-title":"Adult Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis in Taiwan: an overview","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2001.1032","article-title":"Klebsiella meningitis in adults: clinical features, prognostic factors and therapeutic outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897007930","article-title":"Klebsiella meningitis in Taiwan: an overview","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/93.1.45","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis: timing of antimicrobial therapy and prognosis","volume":"93","author":"Fang","year":"2000","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.05.013","article-title":"Management of post-neurosurgical meningitis: narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Hussein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034121002379?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034121002379?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T15:09:49Z","timestamp":1761750589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034121002379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034121002379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex-based differences in bacterial meningitis in adults: Epidemiology, clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.08.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}