{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:33:34Z","timestamp":1787841214515,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T12:41:39Z","timestamp":1664282499000},"page":"1175-1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of associated risk factors among recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: A cross-sectional study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Farhad Ali","family":"Khattak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taj Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubashir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid Niaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeem","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basheer","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz Ur Rehman","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ishfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Afaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1969231","article-title":"From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection","volume":"20","author":"Volpedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib2","article-title":"The global procurement landscape of leishmaniasis medicines","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro981","article-title":"Focus: leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120695","article-title":"Protective or detrimental? Understanding the role of host immunity in leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"dos Santos Meira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib5","first-page":"218","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis: immune response and vaccination strategies","volume":"2","author":"Yasmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S146521","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy?","volume":"12","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib7","first-page":"52","article-title":"Successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional meglumine antimoniate: a case series","author":"Arboleda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib8","article-title":"Prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans and dogs in Pakistan","volume":"43","author":"Durrani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib9","article-title":"Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as sporotrichoid abscesses: a rare presentation near Afghanistan border","volume":"13","author":"Ejaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.170358","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis outbreak, Waziristan, Pakistan","volume":"24","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100809","article-title":"One health approach to leishmaniases: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools","volume":"Vol. 9","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern","volume":"27","author":"Maroli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227697","article-title":"Burden and risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a peri-urban settlement in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Ngere","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2016.04.003","article-title":"Impact of leishmaniasis in women: a practical review with an update on my ISD-supported initiative to combat leishmaniasis in Yemen (ELYP)","volume":"2","author":"Al-Kamel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J women\u2019s Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2288-2296.2002","article-title":"Gender is a major determinant of the clinical evolution and immune response in hamsters infected with Leishmania spp","volume":"70","author":"Travi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06327-w","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pakistan: a neglected disease needing one health strategy","volume":"21","author":"Kayani","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04619-3","article-title":"A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor","volume":"14","author":"Karimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.12.004","article-title":"Risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cukurova region, Turkey","volume":"106","author":"Vot\u00fdpka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160183","article-title":"Intralesional meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of localised cutaneous leishmaniasis: a retrospective review of a Brazilian referral centre","volume":"111","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.11.003","article-title":"Efficacy of glucantime for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0343","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan: clinical diversity and species-level diagnosis","volume":"95","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.049","article-title":"Novel IL-12R\u03b21 deficiency-mediates recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"112","author":"Khattak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2018.08.001","article-title":"Clinico epidemiological features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran","volume":"7","author":"Moosazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0680","article-title":"Lesion size correlates with Leishmania antigen-stimulated TNF-levels in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"85","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.002","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in two tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir: an emerging disease in North India","volume":"103","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034122002453?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034122002453?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T15:15:06Z","timestamp":1761750906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034122002453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034122002453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analysis of associated risk factors among recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: A cross-sectional study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.09.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}