{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:06:46Z","timestamp":1776161206765,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T20:41:32Z","timestamp":1698352892000},"page":"119-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Comparing self-medication and medical supervised treatment before hospitalization among patients with Covid-19: A retrospective case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3550-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Khoshbakht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Semsari Bonab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Hajizadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Tavakolizadeh Nooghabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atousa","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Neshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdis","family":"Ghavidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Sadeghian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00069","article-title":"Observations on the prevalence, characteristics, and effects of self-treatment","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124140-00002","article-title":"Benefits and risks of self medication","volume":"24","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.04.032","article-title":"When fear and misinformation go viral: pharmacists' role in deterring medication misinformation during the'infodemic'surrounding COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Erku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Soc Adm Pharm"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s40267-020-00785-z","article-title":"Self-medication during Covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities","volume":"36","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Ther Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2022.1305","article-title":"Self-medication in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in northern Peru","volume":"12","author":"Vasquez-Elera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib6","article-title":"The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and self-medication and the rate of antibiotic use in patients referred to COVID-19","volume":"2022","author":"Faraji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inter Perspect Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15025-y","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Arab region: a multinational cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Abdelwahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060808","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of self-medication practices for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ayosanmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa530","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing","volume":"71","author":"Rawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070847","article-title":"Antibiotic (mis) use in COVID-19 patients before and after admission to a tertiary hospital in Serbia","volume":"11","author":"Despotovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Langford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaa105","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on community antibiotic prescribing in Scotland","volume":"2","author":"Malcolm","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib13","unstructured":"VDI, C., Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900211030248","article-title":"Antibiotic use and associated risk factors for antibiotic prescribing in COVID-19 hospitalized patients","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01159-y","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic resistance changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in northeast of Iran during 2020\u20132022: an epidemiological study","volume":"11","author":"Khoshbakht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.173","article-title":"Self-medication in the COVID-19 pandemic: survival of the fittest","volume":"16","author":"Rafiq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10145-1","article-title":"Assessment of self-medication practices in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak in Togo","volume":"21","author":"Sadio","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-022-00429-9","article-title":"Prevalence, pattern and predictors of self-medication for COVID-19 among residents in Umuahia, Abia State, Southeast Nigeria: policy and public health implications","volume":"15","author":"Amuzie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib19","first-page":"Doc12","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding antibiotic self-treatment use among COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"GMS Hyg Infect Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01406-2","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, risk perceptions, and practices of adults toward COVID-19: a population and field-based study from Iran","volume":"65","author":"Honarvar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00231","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and access to healthcare: interrelated drivers for healthy aging","volume":"8","author":"McMaughan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib22","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic status and race on access to healthcare in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Ohlson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspectives"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00005-5","article-title":"The lancet global health commission on financing primary health care: putting people at the centre","volume":"10","author":"Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269782","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on COVID-19-related changes in self-medication with antibiotics","volume":"17","author":"Khami","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib25","series-title":"Annales pharmaceutiques francaises","article-title":"Self-medication practice with analgesics (NSAIDs and acetaminophen), and antibiotics among nursing undergraduates in University College Farasan Campus, Jazan University, KSA","author":"Faqihi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7924-5","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use among community members of the Rupandehi District in Nepal","volume":"19","author":"Nepal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034123003623?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034123003623?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T15:23:31Z","timestamp":1761751411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034123003623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S1876034123003623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparing self-medication and medical supervised treatment before hospitalization among patients with Covid-19: A retrospective case-control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.10.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}