{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:23:05Z","timestamp":1773814985960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"King Saud University Deanship of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2025\\u2013679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025\\u2013679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:06:13Z","timestamp":1763658373000},"page":"103063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, preliminary In Vitro screening, and In Vivo biosafety evaluation of a Siphoviridae bacteriophage against drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abdulmalik B.","family":"Alowayyid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Alobaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shine","family":"Kadaikunnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel A.","family":"Abdulmanea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamal M.","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725410","article-title":"Phage therapy pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"Abedon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-017-0095-y","article-title":"Viral communities of the human gut: metagenomic analysis of composition and dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Aggarwala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob DNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1104164","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from chicken meat","volume":"14","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305923110","article-title":"Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non\u2013host-derived immunity","volume":"110","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0107","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy for Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infection in rats","volume":"18","author":"Bhargava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63432-7","article-title":"Unravelling the consequences of the bacteriophages in human samples","volume":"10","author":"Blanco-Picazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.705","article-title":"Precipitation of filamentous bacteriophages for their selective recovery in primary purification","volume":"28","author":"Branston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol Prog"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00306-17","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are resistant to antibiotics that influence their swimming and swarming motility","volume":"2","author":"Brunelle","year":"2017","journal-title":"MSphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104113","article-title":"The gut virome: A new microbiome component in health and disease","volume":"81","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.12793\/tcp.2023.31.e17","article-title":"Phage-host-immune system dynamics in bacteriophage therapy: basic principles and mathematical models","volume":"31","author":"Chae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0452-1","article-title":"Phages infecting Faecalibacterium prausnitzii belong to novel viral genera that help to decipher intestinal viromes","volume":"6","author":"Cornuault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5334\/irsp.198","article-title":"Taking parametric pssumptions seriously arguments for the use of Welch\u2019s F-test instead of the classical F-test in one-way ANOVA","volume":"32","author":"Delacre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S51184","article-title":"Prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella serogroups and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in a university teaching hospital in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia","author":"Elhadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaf010","article-title":"The gut virome in association with the bacteriome in gastrointestinal diseases and beyond: roles, mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Precis Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0049","article-title":"Phages and immunomodulation","volume":"12","author":"G\u00f3rski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174931","article-title":"A review of bacteriophage and their application in domestic animals in a post-antibiotic era","volume":"949","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2009.2034865","article-title":"Histopathological image analysis: a review","volume":"2","author":"Gurcan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091420","article-title":"Phage therapy in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"8","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-024-01172-1","article-title":"Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.941867","article-title":"Biological aspects of phage therapy versus antibiotics against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of chickens","volume":"12","author":"Kosznik-Kwa\u015bnicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib21","first-page":"69","article-title":"Enumeration of bacteriophages by double agar overlay plaque assay","volume":"1","author":"Kropinski","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076","article-title":"Salmonellosis: an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative approaches to mitigate the antimicrobial resistant infections","volume":"13","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64475-w","article-title":"Pathological changes in the spleen of mice subjected to different time courses of restraint stress","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.06.037","article-title":"Modeling the synergistic elimination of bacteria by phage and the innate immune system","volume":"429","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.3390\/v14081601","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a lytic Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage vB_VpaP_GHSM17 from sewage samples","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071268","article-title":"The safety and toxicity of phage therapy: a review of animal and clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/v9060141","article-title":"The human gut phage community and its implications for health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Manrique","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-164-6_9","article-title":"Enumeration of bacteriophages using the small drop plaque assay system","volume":"1","author":"Mazzocco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bacteriophage Methods Protoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2024.2379492","article-title":"Phage therapy: an alternative treatment modality for MDR bacterial infections","volume":"56","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib30","article-title":"Sphae: an automated toolkit for predicting phage therapy candidates from sequencing data","volume":"5","author":"Papudeshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinforma Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-11-12","article-title":"A novel approach for pathogen reduction in wastewater treatment","volume":"11","author":"Periasamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7040100","article-title":"Lysis profiles of Salmonella phages on Salmonella isolates from various sources and efficiency of a phage cocktail against S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium","volume":"7","author":"Petsong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01705-x","article-title":"Personalized bacteriophage therapy outcomes for 100 consecutive cases: a multicentre, multinational, retrospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Pirnay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib34","series-title":"Textbook of General Virology","first-page":"47","article-title":"Double-Stranded DNA Viruses","author":"Singh","year":"2025"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193103","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of two novel lytic bacteriophages against Salmonella typhimurium and their biocontrol potential in food products","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.53-2.587","article-title":"Morphology and distribution of phage-like particles in a eutrophic boreal lagoon","volume":"53","author":"Sulcius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03772-4","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and therapeutic efficacy of lytic bacteriophage ZK22 against Salmonella Typhimurium in mice","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122672","article-title":"Removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations by extraction with organic solvents","volume":"10","author":"Szermer-Olearnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib39","series-title":"Phage Therapy: A Practical Approach","first-page":"91","article-title":"Phage interaction with the mammalian immune system","author":"Van Belleghem","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00173","article-title":"Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer","volume":"7","author":"Von Wintersdorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.824","article-title":"Murine models of Salmonella infection","volume":"3","author":"Walker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Protoc"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15192475","article-title":"The relationship between non-invasive tests and digital pathology for quantifying liver fibrosis in MASLD","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01056","article-title":"Phage therapy in Poland\u2013a centennial journey to the first ethically approved treatment facility in Europe","volume":"11","author":"\u017baczek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034125004125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034125004125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T05:30:17Z","timestamp":1773811817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034125004125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034125004125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Isolation, preliminary In Vitro screening, and In Vivo biosafety evaluation of a Siphoviridae bacteriophage against drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103063","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103063"}}