{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:11:51Z","timestamp":1793319111025,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:08:20Z","timestamp":1766794100000},"page":"103118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular and bacteriological characterization of colistin and carbapenem-resistant nosocomial isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from different Iraqi hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5425-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhuha A.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0454-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mushtak T.S.","family":"Al-Ouqaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4290-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed J.","family":"Alfeehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib1","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotic resistance mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib2","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: an evolving and cunning opponent","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315490","article-title":"Investigation of carbapenemase-encoding genes in Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas sobria isolates from nosocomial infections in Iraqi patients","volume":"20","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1565965","article-title":"The intricacies of Acinetobacter baumannii: a multifaceted comprehensive review of a multidrug-resistant pathogen and its clinical significance and implications","volume":"16","author":"Yehya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S310478","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extensively-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii sequence type 2 co-harboring bla NDM and bla OXA from clinical origin","volume":"14","author":"Ejaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091168","article-title":"The molecular detection of Class B and Class D carbapenemases in clinical strains of acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex: the high burden of antibiotic resistance and the co-existence of carbapenemase genes","volume":"11","author":"Ejaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111367","article-title":"Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii raises global alarm for new antibiotic regimens","volume":"27","author":"Thacharodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib8","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the antibiotic resistant NDM-1 gene in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae","volume":"66","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.33091\/amj.2025.158299.2162","article-title":"The occurrence of CRISPR-encoding genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection","volume":"21","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Al-Anbar Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02260-23","article-title":"A global view on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"14","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-03977-1","article-title":"Co-production of metallo-\u03b2-lactamase and OXA-type \u03b2-lactamases in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in North East India","volume":"40","author":"Saikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.983963","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and carbapenem resistance characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii causing bloodstream infection from 2009 to 2018 in northwest China","volume":"13","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.37757\/MR2022.V24.N1.8","article-title":"Carbapenamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii in China, Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"MEDICC Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588446","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1588446","article-title":"Harnessing bacterial immunity: CRISPR-Cas system as a versatile tool in combating pathogens and revolutionizing medicine","volume":"15","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10050720","article-title":"Carbapenemases: transforming Acinetobacter baumannii into a yet more dangerous menace","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib17","author":"Munson","year":"2025","journal-title":"2025 Updates to CLSI M100"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x","article-title":"Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci","volume":"115","author":"Stepanovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"APMIS Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102544","article-title":"The influence of efflux pump, outer membrane permeability and \u03b2-lactamase production on the resistance profile of multi, extensively and pandrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"17","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib20","first-page":"296","article-title":"Colistin and carbapenem resistance among pseudomonas and acinetobacter clinical isolates in Menoufia University Hospitals","volume":"5","author":"Makled","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbes Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1789212","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization Of Carbapenem And Colistin-resistance Genes In Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from diabetic patients","volume":"15","author":"Suresh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Health Allied Sci NU"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib22","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Molecular analysis of PmrA and PmrB genes in colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains via PCR method","volume":"32","author":"Heidari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1275778","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance trends of Acinetobacter species in the United Arab Emirates: a retrospective analysis of 12\u2009years of national AMR surveillance data","volume":"11","author":"Thomsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes among Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated from burn patients in Tehran, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib25","first-page":"783","article-title":"Detection and characterization of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from different clinical specimens in Duhok Province-Iraq","volume":"2023","author":"Mahmood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hist Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib26","article-title":"A national surveillance of the antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Thabit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.190727","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the antibiotic resistant NDM-1 gene in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae","volume":"66","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-024-06890-w","article-title":"The context of bla(OXA-23) gene in Iraqi carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonging to global clone 1 and global clone 2","volume":"17","author":"Wajid Odhafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib29","first-page":"828","article-title":"Antibiogram of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical specimens at King Hussein Medical Centre, Jordan: a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Batarseh","year":"2016","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020349","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and the activity of antimicrobial combination therapy in a tertiary care medical center in Lebanon","volume":"12","author":"Abou Fayad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01376-7","article-title":"Prevalence of colistin resistance in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bostanghadiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317798","article-title":"Predominance of extensively-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carrying bla OXA-23 in Jordanian patients admitted to the intensive care units","volume":"20","author":"Ababneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.64.15.5","article-title":"Assessment of biofilm formation among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in burn wounds in the west of Iran","volume":"64","author":"Hatami Moghadam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand, France)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287211","article-title":"Prevalence of biofilm producing Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Gedefie","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13732","article-title":"Association of biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Chukamnerd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11091343","article-title":"Virulence characteristics and emerging therapies for biofilm-forming Acinetobacter baumannii: a review","volume":"11","author":"Dolma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib37","article-title":"Identification of an OprD and blaIMP gene-mediated carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among patients with wound infections in Iraq","volume":"12","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm (AJP)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib38","article-title":"Prevalence of carbapenemases in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from the Kingdom of Bahrain","volume":"12","author":"Al-Rashed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02784-14","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in the Gulf Cooperation Council States: dominance of OXA-23-type producers","volume":"53","author":"Zowawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S310478","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extensively-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii sequence type 2 co-harboring bla NDM and bla OXA from clinical origin","author":"Ejaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib41","article-title":"Molecular detection of medically important carbapenemases genes expressed by Metallo-\u00ce2-lactamase producer isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm (AJP)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib42","article-title":"Colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: molecular mechanisms and epidemiology","volume":"12","author":"Novovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02511-23","article-title":"Genomic investigation unveils colistin resistance mechanism in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates","volume":"12","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0243","article-title":"Prevalence of genes involved in colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: first report from Iraq","volume":"26","author":"Al-Kadmy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist (Larchmont, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25226-x","article-title":"The role of pmrCAB genes in colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"12","author":"Seleim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118_bib46","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular characteristics on colistin resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"14","author":"Ciftci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034125004678?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034125004678?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:31:35Z","timestamp":1770712295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034125004678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034125004678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular and bacteriological characterization of colistin and carbapenem-resistant nosocomial isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from different Iraqi hospitals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.103118","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103118"}}