{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:58:46Z","timestamp":1782485926224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:44:39Z","timestamp":1768520679000},"page":"103154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Digital twin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Integrating immune dynamics and pathogen adaptation for precision therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30623-0","article-title":"Genetics of human susceptibility to active and latent tuberculosis: present knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Abel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis 2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib2","article-title":"WHO's global tuberculosis report 2022","volume":"4","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Micro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib3","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: general molecular and structural biology","volume":"1","author":"Behzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib4","article-title":"The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily cytokines and their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)","volume":"1","author":"Behzadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euae295","article-title":"From bits to bedside: entering the age of digital twins in cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"26","author":"Bhagirath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf237","article-title":"Advances and critical aspects in cancer treatment development using digital twins","volume":"26","author":"Bouriga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00031","article-title":"Digital twins in health care: ethical implications of an emerging engineering paradigm","volume":"9","author":"Bruynseels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040120","article-title":"Why is long-term therapy required to cure tuberculosis?","volume":"4","author":"Connolly","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00640-7","article-title":"The health digital twin to tackle cardiovascular disease\u2014a review of an emerging interdisciplinary field","volume":"5","author":"Coorey","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digi Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.14","article-title":"Macrophages and control of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Flynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103574","article-title":"Exploring the potential of digital twins in cancer treatment: a narrative review of reviews","volume":"14","author":"Giansanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib12","series-title":"In Transdisciplinary perspectives on complex systems: New findings and approaches","first-page":"85","article-title":"Digital twin: mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems","author":"Grieves","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01073-0","article-title":"Digital twins for health: a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Katsoulakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1449","article-title":"IL-23 and IL-17 in the establishment of protective pulmonary CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination and during Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge","volume":"8","author":"Khader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-025-01435-7","article-title":"Digital twins as global learning health and disease models for preventive and personalized medicine","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genom Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib16","article-title":"A comprehensive review of digital twin in healthcare in the scope of simulative health-monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Nadeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6332","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3521717","article-title":"Decide-twin: a framework for AI-enabled digital twins in clinical decision-making","volume":"29","author":"Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801610010176","article-title":"Respiratory tularemia: Francisella tularensis and microarray probe designing","volume":"10","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib19","article-title":"Medical digital twins: enabling precision medicine and medical artificial intelligence","volume":"7","author":"Sad\u00e9e","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgaf123","article-title":"The future of in silico trials and digital twins in medicine","volume":"4","author":"Samei","year":"2025","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02266-17","article-title":"Extreme drug tolerance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in caseum","volume":"62","author":"Sarathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agent Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.6.2062-2069.1996","article-title":"An in vitro model for sequential study of shiftdown of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through two stages of nonreplicating persistence","volume":"64","author":"Wayne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.07.005","article-title":"A Digital Twin approach based on nonparametric Bayesian network for complex system health monitoring","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manufact Sys"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00382-6","article-title":"Immune response induced by recombinant BCG expressing merozoite surface antigen 2 from Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034126000262?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034126000262?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T07:22:11Z","timestamp":1782199331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034126000262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034126000262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digital twin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Integrating immune dynamics and pathogen adaptation for precision therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103154","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103154"}}