{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:58:56Z","timestamp":1790409536260,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"ANRS MIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:13:13Z","timestamp":1787008393000},"page":"103334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in West and Central Africa between 2020 and 2022: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guilbaud","family":"Romane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almoustapha I.","family":"Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul-Salam","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacouba","family":"Sawadogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien R.","family":"Niama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar M.","family":"Ouchar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas d\u2019Aquin","family":"Toni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abakar K.","family":"Kabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pembe Issamou","family":"Mayengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Koukouikila-Koussounda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamal H.A.","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leto O.","family":"Gogbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata","family":"Kone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7548-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadou","family":"Kodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrehima","family":"Guindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagera","family":"Bousebha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Lavalee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Calvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Leducq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathia","family":"Soulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2071-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Zafilaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Soulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maria Franco","family":"Yusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin","family":"Le Hingrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Marcelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slim","family":"Fourati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Descamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelin F.","family":"Aghokeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak \u2013 an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib2","unstructured":"COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Available at: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib3","article-title":"Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review","volume":"2020","author":"Nussbaumer-Streit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib4","unstructured":"Africa Identifies First Case of Coronavirus Disease: Statement by the Director of Africa CDC. Afr. CDC. Available at: https:\/\/africacdc.org\/news-item\/africa-identifies-first-case-of-coronavirus-disease-statement-by-the-director-of-africa-cdc\/. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib5","unstructured":"Africa Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 Outbreak. Afr. CDC. Available at: https:\/\/africacdc.org\/download\/africa-joint-continental-strategy-for-covid-19-outbreak\/. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.369.6505.756","article-title":"Africa\u2019s pandemic puzzle: why so few cases and deaths?","volume":"369","author":"Nordling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib7","unstructured":"COVID19_Cases. Available at: https:\/\/who.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/dashboards\/0c9b3a8b68d0437a8cf28581e9c063a9. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bizri A.R., Al Akoury N., Mhlanga T., Morales G.D.C., Haridy H., Hussey G.D., et al. The COVID-19 experience in Africa and the Middle East. Ann Med 55:2222641.","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2222641"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091790","article-title":"Dating the common ancestor from an NCBI tree of 83688 high-quality and full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.01.014","article-title":"Identification of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations that attenuate monoclonal and serum antibody neutralization","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03324-6","article-title":"mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib12","unstructured":"Statement on the update of WHO\u2019s working definitions and tracking system for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants of interest. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/16-03-2023-statement-on-the-update-of-who-s-working-definitions-and-tracking-system-for-sars-cov-2-variants-of-concern-and-variants-of-interest. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3055","article-title":"Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England","volume":"372","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9","article-title":"Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa","volume":"592","author":"Tegally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00183-5","article-title":"Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence","volume":"397","author":"Sabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib16","article-title":"Transmission, infectivity, and antibody neutralization of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in California carrying a L452R spike protein mutation","volume":"2021","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi7994","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427\/B.1.429 variant of concern","volume":"373","author":"McCallum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj9932","article-title":"Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India","volume":"374","author":"Dhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib19","unstructured":"Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern. Accessed 3 June 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj4336","article-title":"A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa","volume":"374","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36449-5","article-title":"Emergence and spread of two SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest in Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Olawoye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00933-9","article-title":"Emergence and spread of a SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variant (A.23.1) with altered spike protein in Uganda","volume":"6","author":"Bugembe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01255-3","article-title":"Sixteen novel lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Tegally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0469","article-title":"COVID-19 in 16 West African countries: an assessment of the epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 after four epidemic waves","volume":"109","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq5358","article-title":"The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance","volume":"378","author":"Tegally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122788","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Western Burkina Faso, West Africa","volume":"14","author":"Sawadogo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111251","article-title":"First Phylogenetic analysis of malian SARS-CoV-2 sequences provides molecular insights into the genomic diversity of the Sahel Region","volume":"12","author":"Kouriba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.11.009","article-title":"Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants characterized during different COVID-19 waves in Mali","volume":"6","author":"Kon\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-023-01984-2","article-title":"Subregional origins of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants during the second pandemic wave in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"59","author":"Anoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.036","article-title":"Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Congo","volume":"105","author":"Ntoumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01504-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the Omicron era","volume":"8","author":"Roemer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-026-13029-8","article-title":"Genome characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron in Cameroon","volume":"26","author":"Monamele","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17675","article-title":"Geographic heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Abidjan, Ivory Coast: a prospective study","volume":"18","author":"Doumbia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib34","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in Bamako, Mali: a population-based cross-sectional study in september 2022","volume":"18","author":"Traor\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Virus"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib35","first-page":"2255","article-title":"High seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the capital of Chad","volume":"13","author":"Deutou Wondeu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2022.09.012","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Republic of Congo in mid-2021","volume":"5","author":"Niama","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305850","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in middle-sized cities of Burkina Faso: a descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Sana","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib38","article-title":"Recent advances in SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and RBD mutations comparison between new variants Alpha (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom), Beta (B.1.351, South Africa), Gamma (P.1, Brazil) and Delta (B.1.617.2, India)","volume":"7","author":"Sanches","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822001212","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination rollout in the World Health Organization African region: status at end June 2022 and way forward","volume":"150","author":"Impouma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329621","article-title":"Variant patterns and influence of inter-regional travel during the SARS-CoV-2 expansion in South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Infection and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034126002066?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1876034126002066?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:11:55Z","timestamp":1790406715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1876034126002066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1876034126002066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1876-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1876-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating in West and Central Africa between 2020 and 2022: A retrospective study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Infection and Public Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2026.103334","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103334"}}